Chapter 1
This term describes the relatively constant conditions that are maintained within the body
homeostasis
The smallest unit of matter
atom
The three main parts of a cell are
1. Plasma Membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
The 4 primary tissue types are
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous Tissue
This organ only includes one organ: the skin
Integumentary System
Negative Feedback Loop
Substances such as oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are known as
elements
Remember: These are the most common and make up ~96% of the human body.
The semi-permeable plasma membrane in a cell is comprised of
TWO layers of phospholipids
Remember:
The glycerol head is hydrophilic. The fatty acid tail is hydrophobic. Thus, the glycerol head of each layer is facing the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm respectively.
Epithelial cells that are "flat and scalelike"
Squamous
This system is composed of approximately 206 named parts and provides structure to the body proper
Skeletal System
Those "parts" are bones. When they come together they form joints and are held together by ligaments.
The axial skeleton consists of
the head, neck, and trunk
This type of bond forms when atoms share electrons
covalent bond
Remember that in Ionic bonds one atom DONATES electrons to the other.
Simply put:
Covalent bonds = SHARE electrons
Ionic bonds = DONATE electrons
This organelle is known as the "powerhouse of the cell"
Mitochondria
Remember this is where ATP is produced.
The most abundant and widely spread tissue in the body
Connective Tissue
This system includes the thymus gland, spleen, and thoracic ducts and plays an important role in immunity
Lymphatic System
The left lower extremity is also known as
left leg
In this process, water is added to break down larger molecules into smaller ones
hydrolysis
Remember: The opposite of this is Dehydration Synthesis where we take AWAY water (hydrogen and oxygen) to assemble larger molecules.
Flagella ONLY exist in this structure in the human body
The tail of the male sperm
Remember the flagella functions to propel the sperm cell forward
This tissue type is composed of chondrocytes and have a consistency of of a firm plastic or gristle-like gel
cartilage
This system includes the pharynx, larynx, bronchi, and diaphragm
Respiratory System
Remember gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
To make it easier to locate organs, the abdominopelvic cavity has been divided into these quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Each enzyme has a shape that "fits" the specific substrate molecule it works on, much as a key fits specific locks. This mechanism is sometimes called
lock-and-key model
Protein synthesis can be summarized as
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Thick scar tissue
Keloid scar
This system is comprised of central and peripheral parts and functions to send RAPID signals throughout the body.
Nervous System
Remember:
CNS - brain and spinal cord
PNS - cranial and spinal nerves
The endocrine system also sends signals via hormones but these are slow and longer lasting.