Epidemiology
uses observational studies of the distribution of disease in terms of person, place, and time.
Descriptive epidemiology
a measure of how well an intervention, such as a vaccine or medical device, performs in real-world clinical settings.
Effectiveness
an infected individual who can transmit the disease to others.
Active carrier
physical contact between the source or reservoir and a susceptible host.
Direct transmission
Aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs
Primary prevention
the ability to produce a desired or intended result.
habitat in which agent normally lives
Reservoir
those who can transmit the agent during the incubation period before clinical illness begins.
Incubatory carrier
bacteria or viruses that are commonly transmitted through small respiratory droplets.
strategies that do not require action by an individual for protection to occur.
Passive primary prevention
Measures the association between a particular exposure and a disease, using information collected from individuals.
Analytic Epidemiology
a person who gets the disease from an exposure and is the first case in the population.
Primary Case
is a person or animal that is infected with a pathogen but does not show any symptoms of the disease.
Healthy or passive carrier
Disease that is transmitted to humans and other animals by blood- feeding anthropods.
Vector-borne transmission
emphasizes early disease detection
Secondary prevention
an epidemic that has characteristics of both common-source and propagated epidemics
Mixed epidemic
a case that is classified as suspected for reporting purposes
Suspect case
when an individual or, animal, has been exposed to and harbors a disease-causing organism and who can intermittently spread the disease at different places or intervals
Intermittent carrier
pathogens are transmitted from the blood of an infected host to another host during interrupted feeding of the insects
Mechanical transmission
focuses on people who are already affected by a disease.
GOAL: improve quality of life!
Tertiary prevention
cuts across international boundaries, as opposed to regional epidemics
Pandemic
is a model that scientists use to understand the factors that contribute to the spread of disease.- it has three vertices
Epidemiology triangle
that who have recovered from their illness but remain capable of transmitting to others.
Convalescent Carriers
occurs when a substance carries an infectious agent to a new host
Vehicle Transmission
A set of interventions designed to reduce disability in individuals
Rehabilitation