Cranial Bones and Landmarks
What is the Formal name of the Atlas and Axis
C1 and C2
What types of joint is between C1 and the occipital bone
Atlanto-Occipital joint
What nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)?
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
What muscle compresses the cheeks, helping with blowing and chewing?
Buccinator
Damage to this cranial nerve is life-threatening
Vagus (CN X)
The lateral rectus does this movement
Abduct eyeball
Cleft lip: gap or split in the upper lip
Cleft Palate: an opening in the hard or soft palate in the roof of the oral cavity
Occurs in utero
May affect feeding, swallowing, and language skills
Difficulty swallowing is called
Dysphagia
What are the motions of the cervical spine
Flexion, extension, axial rotation, lateral rotation
What is a landmark of the zygomatic bone
Zygomatic arch
What is the large opening in the Occipital Bone where the spinal cord passes
Foramen Magnum
Which Cervical Vertebrae contains the dens (odontoid process)
C2
Which neck muscles attach to the first and second ribs?
Scalenes (Anterior, Middle, Posterior)
If CN VII is damaged, what general type of movement is lost?
Facial expressions
What cranial nerve is damaged if you have weakness/atrophy of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle?
Spinal Accessory (CN XI)
What muscles does Abduction, Depression, and Intorsion
Superior Oblique
What is a Cervicogenic Headache
Trigger points in cervical muscles can create headache symptoms in predictable patterns
What is a blocking of trachea called and what maneuver may be required
Choking, Heimlich maneuver
Name 1 muscle that is short and tight in forward head posture
Pecs
Suboccipitals
Upper Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
The Maxilla makes up the anterior ___of the hard palate
2/3rds
Which cranial bone contains the sella turcica
Sphenoid Bone
What is the percentage of cervical flexion/rotation that occurs at the occiput, C1-C2
40% of cervical flexion and 60% of cervical rotation occur at occiput/C1/C2 complex
These small muscles are the deepest in the neck, located just below the base of the skull, and help with fine head movements.
Suboccipital muscles
Why is Buccinator considered both a facial expression muscle and a mastication helper?
It shapes the cheek for expressions AND pushes food onto the molars during chewing.
A client has had a stroke and has difficulty swallowing. Which nerves are involved with swallowing? (Hint there are 3)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Spinal accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)
Which extraocular eye muscle travels through a pulley-like structure
Superior Oblique
What is a Tracheostomy
Transverse incision through the skin of the neck and anterior wall of the trachea to establish an airway with upper airway obstruction or respiratory failure
What are the two steps in the Voluntary process of swallowing
1. Oral Preparatory Phase
2. Oral Transit Phase
As we age, lordotic alignment (decrease/increase) with an (decrese/increase) in forward translation
decreases, increase
What bones house the tear ducts
lacrimal bones
What skull landmark is often a palpable depression and is located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures
Lambda
A patient has trouble nodding "yes". Which joint(s) is most likely impaired and why
Atlanto-occiptal joint
What is the origin and insertion of the splenius cervicis
Origin: Spinous processes of T3 to T6
Insertion: Transverse processes of C1 to C3
What muscle has an Inferior attachment on the fascia covering the superior parts of the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles
Platysma
What is Bell’s Palsy? What cranial nerve is damaged?
Facial paralysis, drooping mouth, dry cornea, and speech difficulty.
CN 7 is damaged
What cranial nerves innervate the eye muscles? Be specific, which muscles are innervated by which cranial nerve
Oculomotor Nerve: Levator Palpebrae, Medial Rectus, Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Inferior Oblique
Abducens Nerve: Lateral Rectus
Trochlear Nerve: Superior Oblique
What is a Basilar Fracture
Involves the cranial base
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) may leak
Cranial nerve and blood vessel damage may occur
What phase of swallowing forces the food bolus inferiorly into the esophagus
Esophageal Phase
In forward head posture the rhomboids, lower trapezius, and neck flexors (Long/weak or short/tight)
Long/weak
What two bones make up the bridge of the nose
Nasal
Why is a pterion fracture dangerous
Overlies the frontal branches of the middle meningeal vessels
Resulting epidural hematoma puts pressure on the cortex
May cause death in a few hours
What is the function of the anterior columns in the cervical spine
Anterior- shock absorber, weight bearing, mobilization the trunk
Which muscle group forms the floor of the mouth and assists with tongue function?
Suprahyoid muscles
Working together, what is the action of the Splenius capitus and Splenius cervicis
Extending the head and neck
Name all the cranial nerves in order. Also, identify if they are sensory, motor, or both.
Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal Abducens, Abducent, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, and Hypoglossal
Sensory, Sensory, Motor, Motor, Both, Motor, Both, Sensory, Both, Both, Motor, Motor
Which eye muscle of Sue's is weak? (Be Specific)
Left medial rectus
What is a Carotid Occlusion
Atherosclerotic thickening may obstruct blood flow
Partial occlusion may cause a TIA – transient ischemic attack
Arterial occlusion may also cause a stroke
What happens in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing
Formed bolus passes into oropharynx
Soft palate is elevated sealing off the nasopharynx
Suprahyoid muscles elevate the larynx
Forcing it to open against the epiglottis which tilts downward to prevent entrance to the airway
Vocal folds also close to seal airway
The pharynx widens and shortens to receive the bolus
Outer constrictor muscles contract to propel the bolus downward
Why is Axial Rotation important
Important for attaining visual and auditory cues from environment
What two bones make the hard palate together
Palatine and Maxilla