Anatomy
Which part of the Autonomic Nervous System is responsible for sweating, pupil dilation, temperature regulation, and shunting of blood from the periphery?
Sympathetic Nervous System.
A long, slender extension of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuronal soma.
Axon
What is usually the cause of a closed head injury?
Blunt Trauma
What is the name of the injury that results from forward movement of a the head, typically as the result of a rapid deceleration or from a direct blow to the occiput (back of head).
Flexion Injury
What are the first two cervical vertebra?
1. C1 or Atlas
2. C2 or Axis
What is the largest portion of the brain that is responsible for higher functions (i.e. reasoning)?
Cerebrum
The location where the spinal cord separates; composed of nerve roots.
Cauda Equina
TBI’s are caused by what 4 main types of mechanisms?
1. Falls
2. Fire-arms
3. MVC’s
4. Assaults.
force that is transmitted through vertebral bodies and directed either inferiorly through the skull or superiority through the pelvis or feet.
Vertical Compression
What are the names of the meninges starting from outermost?
Outermost: Dura Mater
Middle: Arachnoid
Innermost: Pia Mater
The brainstem consists of what three parts?
Midbrain, pons and medulla
A condition that occurs with flexion injuries or fractures, resulting in the displacement of bony fragments into the anterior portion of the spinal cord. Leads to paralysis below the level of the insult and loss of pain, temperature, and touch perception.
Anterior Cord Syndrome
What are the four types of skull fractures?
1. Linear
2. Depressed
3. Basilar
4. Open
Wha is the most common incomplete SCI that accounts for 70% of all incomplete injuries and 20% of all acute SCIs?
Central Cord Syndrome
The dura mater covers the entire brain by folding inward. What is formed by this process?
Tentorium: the structure that separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum and brainstem.
The spinal column consists of 33 bones divided into 5 sections. What are the sections and how many vertebra are in each section?
Cervical:7
Thoracic:12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5 (fused)
Coccygeal: 3-5
Hypertension (with widening pulse pressure), bradycardia, and irregular respirations;; classic trio of findings associated with increased intracranial pressure.
Cushing’s Triad
What are the two signs that would hint at basilar skull fracture?
1. Ecchymosis under or around eye (raccoon eyes)
2. Ecchymosis behind the ear over the mastoid process (Battle sign)
In neurogenic shock, what 3 things should be expected?
1. hypotension
2. Bradycardia
3. Warm, flushed, and dry skin below level of spinal lesion
Where does the optic nerve originate?
Occipital Lobe
What is another name for the Parasympathetic Nervous System because its fibers arise from the cranial and sacral nerves?
Craniosacral Nervous System
Posterior arch of the vertebral bone; arises from the posterior pedicles and fuses to form the posterior spinous processes.
Lamina
A gradually increasing rate and depth of respirations followed by a gradual decrease with intermittent periods of apnea, which is often associated with brain stem insult
Cheyne-Stokes Respirations
What is the term for when a late complication of a SCI that most often occurs with injuries above t4 and t6 and results from a loss of parasympathetic stimulation?
Outer covering of gray matter that covers the cerebral hemispheres. Regulates voluntary skeletal movement and level of awareness.
Cerebral Cortex