Environmental Epidemiology
What is prevalence?
This type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together
This specifies that all people must receive fair treatment in the enforcement of environmental laws
What is environmental justice?
This is the infectious agent for the plague
What is bacteria?
This method of metal (and other toxin) exposure incurs the most rapid, and significant health response
What is intravenous/injected exposure?
The agent, host, and environment are all part of this in disease
What is the epidemiological triangle?
What is the term that indicates that the combined effect of exposures to two or more chemicals that is greater than the sum of their individual effects
What is synergistic?
This is considered to be the most important phase of the policy cycle, and is the point where environmental problems are established and defined.
What is policy definition/formulation/reformulation?
What is a mosquito?
This is a metal for which bioaccumulation and biomagnification are particularly concerning
What is mercury?
This type of study design classifies subjects according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then observes them over time to document the occurrence of new cases of disease or other health events
What is cohort?
This is established with a dose-response relationship
What is a causal association between toxin and effect
This agency is responsible for international environmental regulations
What is the WHO?
These facilitate pathogen transportation from the reservoir to the host
What are vectors?
What are fetuses, infants, and children?
This type of study may be used to formulate hypotheses that can be followed up in analytic studies since it evaluates existing health outcomes and exposures simultaneously
What is cross-sectional?
This refers to a either a beneficial or harmful effect of a substance
What is effective dose?
This provides the EPA with the authority to require reporting, record-keeping, and testing requirements, and restrictions regarding chemicals
What is TSCA?
These include changes in agriculture, environmental changes, mass food processing technology, and urbanization
What are factors contributing to increasing emerging zoonotic diseases
This is the metal the Erin Brockovich was an advocate against due to groundwater pollution from an electrical company
What is chromium?
This type of study classifies cases as those who have the outcome of interest and the controls are those who do not
What is case-control?
Antibiotics, therapeutic drugs, dioxins, and PCB's are all examples of these
What are xenobiotics?
This enables the EPA to control hazardous waste from cradle to grave
What is RCRA?
These are methods for transmitting zoological pathogens (list at least two)
What are contact with the skin, bite or scratch of an animal, direct inhalation, or ingestion of contaminated foods
This is a series of substances characterized based on known or suspected toxicity, potential for human exposure, appearance in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites, and potential for remediation