Asthma/COPD
Define the pathophysiology of asthma.
Characterized by: Inflammation, hyperresponsiveness of airways, Intermittent and reversible airway obstruction
What causes Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Age, gender, and genetics are examples of _________________________ risk factors for heart disease
Non modifiable
What are the signs and symptoms of arterial insufficiency that cause PAD?
Intermittent claudication, Paresthesia, Rest pain, Diminished or absent pulses, Lower extremity pallor with elevation, Dependent rubor, Thin, shiny, hairless skin, Thickened toenails, Decrease wound healing
Define and describe the pathophysiology of angina
Chest pain resulting from reduced coronary blood flow to the heart resulting in an imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand. Often described as a “pain in the chest” and is a manifestation of reversible myocardial ischemia. It is caused by atherosclerosis and CAD.
Highlight some known triggers of asthma
Allergens, Exercise, Air Pollution, Occupational exposure, Smoking, Stress, Resp infections, Drug and food additives, ASA and NSAIDs, GERD (RT aspiration acids)
What is the difference between latent and active TB?
People with latent TB do not have any symptoms and cannot spread TB. If they do not get treatment, however, they may develop active TB disease in the future, spread the disease to others, and feel quite ill. People with active TB disease can be treated and cured if they get medical help.
What are the signs and symptoms of hypertension (HTN)?
Often Asymptomatic, called the Silent Killer
What medications are used to treat PVD?
Antiplatelets, Statins Peripheral vasodilators ( isoxsuprine HCI [Vasodilan]. Drugs to treat intermittent claudication (Pentoxifylline [Trental]) ↑RBC flexibility & ↓blood viscosity →↑circulation & blood flow to tissues. Cilostazol (Pletal), causes vasodilation
What are the signs and symptoms of chronic stable angina?
Predictable, occurs with activity. Chest pain that may radiate neck, jaw, shoulder or arm. The quality may be described as tight, squeezing, heavy feeling. (In some pts: burning, aching, dull.)Dyspnea, pallor, tachycardia, anxiety, fear can occur. Relief with rest, position change, nitro.
What are the signs and symptoms of COPD?
Cough, dyspnea with exertion, wheezing, barrel chest
How is Active TB treated?
Active TB disease can be treated with a combination of antibacterial medications for a period of six to 12 months (sometimes longer, esp. if MDR TB). The most common treatment for active TB is isoniazid (INH) in combination with three other drugs—rifampin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol. Using Direct Observation Therapy is preferred.
What are the medications used to treat hypertension?
Diuretics, Ace inhibitors, ARBs, Betablockers, Vasodilators, Calcium channel blockers
List signs and symptoms of left side heart failure
Fatigue, Activity intolerance, Dizziness, syncope (RT ↓ cardiac output), Dyspnea, SOB, cough (RT pulmonary congestion), Orthopnea, Cyanosis, crackles, wheezes, S3 gallop. LEFT THINK LUNGS.
Describe the diagnosis of CAD– include assessment, diagnostic tests and labs
Medical history, Pre-existing conditions, Family history, ECG, Cardiac markers, Lipids, cardiac cath, stress test
Describe the Asthma Action Plan
An Asthma Action Plan is a written, individualized worksheet that shows you the steps to take to keep your asthma from getting worse. It also provides guidance on when to call your healthcare provider or when to go to the emergency room. It is formulated in Green, Yellow, Red like a stop light tool.
You are caring for a patient with pneumonia. What do you expect to see on assessment?
Crackles, productive cough, fatigue, fever
What are the priority nursing interventions for a patient with hypertension
Patient and family teaching includes, Nutritional therapy, Drug therapy, Physical activity, Home monitoring of BP (if appropriate), Tobacco cessation (if applicable)
List signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure
Edema, Weight gain, Anorexia, nausea (RT congestion in GI tract), Rt upper quad pain (RT liver engorgement), jugular vein distension (JVD) (RT ↑ venous pressure).
Patient Teaching for Home Management of Chronic Stable Angina with Nitroglycerin sublingual tablets
Keep fresh nitro available. At first sign of angina, stop activity and sit. Take nitro and wait 5 minutes. No relief call 911. Repeat nitro & wait 5 minutes. Still no relief after 5 minutes repeat nitro. Carry ID card or wear bracelet that indicates heart condition
What are the risk factors for getting COPD?
Smoking, second hand smoke, Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma
What are modifiable risk factors for patients with heart disease?
HTN, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, lack of exercise, diet, excessive alcohol use, ↑homocysteine levels, stress, metabolic syndrome, illicit drug use
Identify health promotion teaching for patients with heart failure.
Lower your sodium intake, healthy weight since extra weight can make your heart work harder, Get regular physical activity, No smoking, limit alcohol. .Manage contributing risk factors, take your drugs, Get good-quality sleep.
What are the priority nursing interventions for a patient with Angina
Eliminate pain, decrease O2 consumption (increase O2 supply), Slow heart rate & decrease work of heart. Increase coronary blood flow by vasodilating coronary vessels. Angioplasty (stents). Prevent occlusion of coronary vessels (antiplatelets, cholesterol meds)