GI/GU
What is the small intestine? and what does it do?
This portion of the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for absorbing most nutrients.
What is the myocardium?
This layer of the heart is the thick muscular layer responsible for pumping blood.
What is a synovial joint?
This type of joint is freely movable and contains synovial fluid.
This lobe is responsible for vision and serves as the brain's primary visual center.
What is the occipital lobe?
This extension of breast tissue into the axilla is where most breast cancers occur.
What is the Tail of Spence?
The abdomen is the only body system assessed in this order.
What is Inspection, Auscultation, Percussion, and Palpation (I AM A PERFECT PAL)?
What is S1 ("Lub")?
This heart sound occurs at the beginning of systole when the atrioventricular (AV) valves close.
What is pronation?
A client rotates their forearm so the palm faces the floor
What is the Romberg test?
This neurological test evaluates balance by having the client stand with their feet together and eyes closed.
This pair of ligaments provides structural support and suspends the breast tissue.
What are Cooper ligaments?
Identify the four special abdominal palpation signs, where each is assessed, and the condition each suggests.
What are McBurney's point (pain halfway between the umbilicus and right iliac crest indicating possible appendicitis), Rovsing's sign (LLQ palpation causing RLQ pain indicating appendicitis), Blumberg's sign (rebound tenderness suggesting peritonitis or a ruptured appendix), and Murphy's sign (RUQ pain or halted inspiration suggesting cholecystitis or gallstones)?
Systole vs. Diastole and normal cardiac output
❤️ Systole
Ventricles contract
Blood is pumped out
💙 Diastole
Ventricles relax
Heart fills with blood
Normal Cardiac Output
⭐ 4–6 L/min
What is muscle strength grade 3?
This muscle strength grade indicates the client can complete full range of motion against gravity but cannot tolerate any resistance. -
List the six levels of consciousness in order from highest level of responsiveness to lowest.
What are alert, lethargic, obtunded, stuporous, and comatose?
Name the four palpable lymph node groups routinely assessed during a physical examination.
What are the cervical, axillary, epitrochlear, and inguinal lymph nodes?
Name the three layers of the skin, describe the primary structures found in each layer, and identify one major function of each.
What are the epidermis (contains keratin and melanocytes; provides protection), the dermis (contains collagen, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sensory receptors; provides strength, sensation, and nourishment), and the subcutaneous layer (contains adipose tissue; cushions the body and helps regulate temperature)?
Patient Teachings to promote good cardiac health
✔ Stop smoking
✔ Exercise regularly
✔ Maintain healthy weight
✔ Low-sodium diet
✔ Control diabetes
✔ Monitor blood pressure
✔ Take medications as prescribed
✔ Receive influenza and pneumococcal vaccines if indicated
Name the three types of joints, describe the amount of movement each allows, and provide one example of each
What are fibrous joints (immovable; skull), cartilaginous joints (slightly movable; ribs to sternum), and synovial joints (freely movable; shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow)?
Name the three cortical sensory discrimination tests, describe what each assesses, and state the correct direction they should be assessed on the body.
What are two-point discrimination (identifies two simultaneous points), stereognosis (identifies an object placed in the hand), and graphesthesia (identifies a number traced on the hand); all are assessed from proximal to distal?
Compare the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct by identifying the areas each drains and the vein into which each empties.
What is the right lymphatic duct, which drains the right side of the head and neck, right arm, and right upper thorax before emptying into the right subclavian vein; and the thoracic duct, which drains the entire left side of the body and the lower body before emptying into the left subclavian vein?
Differentiate hyperactive, hypoactive, absent bowel sounds, and abdominal bruits by describing what each finding sounds like and the conditions commonly associated with each.
What are hyperactive bowel sounds (common with diarrhea, gastroenteritis, or bowel obstruction), hypoactive bowel sounds (constipation, anesthesia, or medications), absent bowel sounds (ileus or late bowel obstruction), and bruits (vascular sounds that may indicate an abdominal aneurysm or renal artery stenosis)?
PAD vs. Chronic Venous Insufficiency
🟥 Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
Cool extremity
Pale skin
Weak pulses
Hair loss
Shiny skin
Pain with walking (claudication)
Elevation makes pain worse
💡 Think: Not enough blood getting TO the foot.
🟨 Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
Warm extremity
Brown discoloration
Edema
Varicose veins
Aching pain
Venous ulcers near the ankles
💡 Think: Blood can't get BACK to the heart.
PRICE. What and when?
What are Protect, Rest, Intermittent Cold, Compression, and Elevation? These are the five components of the PRICE intervention used for acute musculoskeletal injuries.
A score of 10 indicates a moderate brain injury; minor = 13–15, moderate = 9–12, and severe = 3–8?
What are Eye Opening, Verbal Response, and Motor Response; aGLasgow COma Scale
Identify at least eight assessment findings that should raise suspicion for breast cancer during a breast examination.
What are a painless breast lump, skin dimpling, peau d'orange, new nipple inversion, nipple discharge (especially bloody), skin thickening, breast asymmetry, enlarged axillary lymph nodes, localized warmth, redness, ulceration, or a palpable breast mass?