Defense Mechanisms
Refusing to communicate with others or participate in social activities
Withdrawal
Trying to exert excessive control over others to make up for a loss of control elsewhere
Control
Choose the delivery method best suited for ensuring that the receiver will understand the intent of the message
Step Three: Deliver the Message
What stage is 6 to 12 years
School-age child, industry vs. Inferiority
Feeling numb or in a state of disbelief. The belief is that this cannot be happening or that a mistake had been made.
Denial
Expressing difficult to communicate feelings by performing an extreme behavior.
Acting out
Failing to see one own's weaknesses or problems while seeing them in others
Projection
Employ listening and observational techniques to determine whether the message was received as intended
Step Four: Listen to the response
What stage is 40 to 65
Middle Adulthood, Generativity vs. Stagnation
Dying individual wants more time to complete unachieved goals. They make promises to be better people, to change bad habits, and to live an exemplary life if only given more time.
Bargaining
Keeping unpleasant thoughts or memories in the subconscious and out of awareness
Repression
Behaving in ways that are more appropriate for a younger person
Regression
Rephrase what you hear and/or ask questions or use teach back to check the receivers understanding.
Step Five: Offer feedback and seek clarification
What stage is age 1 to 3 years
Toddler, Autonomy Vs. Shame/Doubt
It is common for the individual to ask 'why me?' It seems unfair, and there is envy for those with good health
Anger
Transferring feelings that one has about one person to a different person.
Displacement
Attempting to meet a need by substituting something that does not actually satisfy the need.
Compensation
Determining what needs to be accomplished. This step requires considering the receiver's needs, current circumstances, and the duties assigned to the health care professional.
Step One: Set Communication Goals
What stage is 20's and 30's
Young Adulthood, Intimacy vs. Isolation
Individuals experience a sense of peace with themselves and others.
Pretending to be ill when one is not.
Malingering
Pretending that something isn't true, especially something unpleasant.
Denial
Step Six: Evaluate the encounter and revise the message
What stage is Conception to birth
Prenatal stage
Profound sadness felt over the prospect of no longer being alive
Depression
Explaining behavior by using socially acceptable reason
Rationalization
Select and organize appropriate content based on the communication goals and characteristics of he receiver.
Step Two: Create the Message
Adolescence, Identity vs. Role Confusion
First person to study and write about death with the goal of sharing to the public by publishing the book On Death and Dying.
Dr. Elizabeth Kubler
What stage is 3 to 6 years
Preschooler, Initiative vs. Guilt
what stage is birth to 1 year, trust vs. mistrust
Infancy