Auditory Pathways
The ______ cranial nerve carries auditory information from the cochlea to the brainstem.
What is the VIIIth?
Another term for the middle ear bones.
What is the ossicle chain?
This area of the basilar membrane responds maximally to low frequencies.
What is the apex?
This voltage difference, which is critical for sound transduction, is established and maintained via ion pumps in the stria vascularis.
What is the endocochlear potential?
Both visual and auditory input must pass through this brain region before reaching the cortex.
What is the thalamus?
First brainstem nucleus where auditory nerve fibers synapse.
What is the cochlear nucleus?
This bone in the middle ear is the smallest bone in the body.
What is the stapes?
This term refers to an ordered representation of sound frequency in neural tissue.
What is tonotopy?
These cells in the inner ear are primarily innervated by efferent fibers from the brain.
What are outer hair cells?
Multiple features of a single sensory stimulus are processed at the same time. This organizational scheme, known as _______ processing, is a common aspect of all sensory systems.
What is parallel?
Major midbrain structure involved in sound localization and reflexive auditory responses.
What is the inferior colliculus?
Portion of the membrane that allows movement of fluid in the cochlea by pushing out when the oval window is pressed in.
What is the round window?
This brainstem region inhibits the LSO.
What is the MTNB?
Structure connecting neighboring stereocilia that are responsible for opening MET channels.
What are tip links?
Both the visual and auditory cortices consist of columns made up of neurons that share ________.
What are tuning or receptive fields?
Structure of the thalamus that relays auditory information to the auditory cortex.
What is the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN), or medial geniculate body (MGB)?
The middle ear bones serve to overcome this issue caused by the interface between the air and fluid in the inner ear.
What is impedance mismatch?
DAILY DOUBLE
Signals from this brain region travel along delay lines to the Medial Superior Olive (MSO).
MET channels preferentially conduct this ion.
What is potassium?
Photoreceptors in the visual system are equivalent to these cells in the auditory system.
What are hair cells?
In humans, the core auditory cortex is located in the _________ gyrus.
What is the superior temporal gyrus?
Condition that occurs when the middle ear is filled with fluid causing temporary hearing loss.
What is otitis media (or an ear infection)?
These two neurotransmitters are released onto neurons in the LSO.
What are glycine and glutamate?
Fluid in the scala media that has a high concentration of K+ and low concentration of Na+.
What is the endolymph?
Similar to how the wavelength of light is perceived as color, this perceived aspect of sound is informed by its frequency.
What is pitch?