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Three Parts of the Cardiac Skeleton
1. Fibrous rings
-bundles of collagen and some elastic that surround the valves
2. Fibrous Triangles
-connective tissue in between AV valves and base of aorta
-different tissue by species
3. Fibrous part of the interventricular septum
-collagen fiber bundles
Diet Recommendations for animals with heart disease
Restricted sodium and chloride
Increased taurine
L-carnitine increased for dogs only
Decreased phosphorus
Normal amounts of potassium and magnesium
Adequate protein
Increased omega-3 fatty acids
The Branches of the Left Coronary Artery
Paraconal Interventricular Branch
Circumflex Branch
Subsinuosal Interventricular Branch
Sympathetic Ganglia that supply the heart
Sympathetic
-Middle Cervical Ganglion
-Cervicalthoracic/Stellate Ganglion
An increase in these will cause rightward shift (lower saturation) of the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve
H+ (lower pH)
PCo2
Temperature
Embryologically, the heart stems from this germ layer and this region/structure
Mesoderm
Yolk Sac
The Three Syndromes of Taurine Deficiency
1. Feline Central Retinal Degeneration (FCRD)
2. Reproductive failure and impaired fetal development
3. Feline Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Arteries that the Great Cardiac Vein follows
Circumflex branch
Paraconal interventricular branch
Parasympathetic Fibers that supply the heart
Parasympathetic
-Directly from Vagus Nerve or
-Recurrent Laryngeal branch
The ECG waves and their corresponding electrical activity
P - atrial depolarization
Q - early ventricular depolarization
R - ventricular depolarization
T atrial - not shown on ECG but is atrial repolarization during QRS
S - late ventricular depolarization
T - ventricular repolarization
Material of the fibrous triangles in the cardiac skeleton by species
Pigs, cats, rabbits - dense, irregular connective tissue
Dogs - fibrocartilage
Horse - hyaline cartilage
Ruminants - bone
Branches off the Aorta (as far as we have to know)
-Vertebral Artey
-Costocervical Trunk
-Superficial Cervical Artery
-Internal Thoracic Artery
-Axillary Artery
Brachiocephalic
-Left and Right Common Carotids
-Right Subclavian
Descending Aorta
Layers of the Heart
(Outer to inner)
1. Fibrous Pericardium
2. Serous Pericardium - Parietal layer
3. Serous Pericardium - Visceral layer (Epicardium)
4. Myocardium
5. Endocardium - Subendocardial layer
6. Endocardium - Subendothelial layer
7. Endocardium - Continuous epithelium
What creates/maintains the plateu in the cardiomyocyte action potential
Opening of the L-type calcium channels to let calcium into the cell, which is balanced by K+ leaving the cell
The different bulges stemming from the heart tube
Bulbus Cordis - forms right ventricle and parts of outflow for aorta and pulmonary trunk
Truncus Arteriosus - Will become aorta and pulmonary trunk
Primitive Atrium - Forms anterior parts of right and left atria
Primitive Ventricle - forms most of the left ventricle
Sinus Venosus - Forms cranial vena cava and part of right atrium
Branches off the Cranial Vena Cava (As far as we have to know)
Left and Right Costocervical vein
Internal Thoracic vein
Caudal Thyroid Vein
Left and Right Brachiocephalic Veins
-Subclavian
-Internal Jugular
-Cephalic Vein
-Superficial Cervical Vein
-External Jugular
The cusps of the valves of the heart
Tricuspid - Angular, Parietal, Septal
Bicuspid/Mitral - Parietal, Septal
Aortic - Right, left, septal semilunar
Pulmonary Trunk - Right, left, intermediate semilunar
Pathway of electrical cardiac cycle
1. Sinus Atrial Node
2. Bachmann's Bundle
3. Atrioventricular Valve Node
4. Bundle of His - left and right bundle branches
5. His-Purkinje system
Comparative - azygos vein
Carnivores and horses- Right azygos vein
Pigs - Left, sometimes both
Ruminants - Left azygos vein
Lymphatic Flow of Drainage of the heart
1. Lymph capillaries
2. Cranial and Caudal Mediastinal Lymph Nodes and Tracehobronchial Lymph Nodes (which drain into the mediastinal LNs)
3. Right/Left lymphatic duct or Right/Left tracheal trunk