Heart Anatomy
What chamber has the thickest myocardium?
Left ventricle
Which vessel type has valves?
Veins
What bone contains the conchae?
Ethmoid
What law explains pressure/volume changes during breathing?
Boyle’s Law
What does the P wave represent?
Atrial depolarization
What valve is between RA and RV?
Tricuspid
Which capillary type is least leaky?
Continuous
What prevents food entering the airway?
Epiglottis
What muscles are used in normal inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostals
What does the QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization
What structure reduces friction around the heart?
Pericardial fluid
What layer is thickest in arteries?
Tunica media
What cells produce surfactant?
Type II alveolar cells
What happens to CO₂ levels during hypoventilation?
CO₂ increases
What does the T wave represent?
Ventricular repolarization
What vessels supply the myocardium?
Coronary arteries
What determines MAP?
Diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure
What law explains gas movement by partial pressures?
Dalton’s Law
What cells remove debris from alveoli?
Macrophages
What is fibrillation?
Rapid, uncoordinated electrical activity
What node is the heart’s pacemaker?
SA Node
What vessels are major resistance vessels?
Arterioles
What is ventilation/perfusion coupling?
Matching airflow to blood flow for efficient gas exchange
Why is high CO₂ dangerous?
Causes acidosis, which can be fatal at 3–4%
What is the role of Purkinje fibers?
Rapidly conduct impulses through ventricles