Anatomy
This structure allows blood to bypass the lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to aorta.
What is the ductus arteriosus?
Conduction system with the slowest conduction velocity allowing for separate atria and ventricular systole.
What is the AV node?
Jugular Venous Distention (JVD) is a sign of this type of heart failure.
What is right heart failure?
The Virchow’s triad describes three primary risk factors for DVT. Name them.
What is stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability?
Anticoagulant indicated for acute management of pulmonary embolism or DVT.
What is unfractionated heparin?
Layer of tissue that is superficial to myocardium.
What is the epicardium = visceral layer of serous pericardium?
Location where you best auscultate an S3 heart sound, often heard in heart failure.
What is the apex?
What coronary artery is most commonly responsible for an anteroseptal myocardial infarction?
What is the left anterior descending artery (LAD)?
Reversal agents (three) used when PT is prolonged on this oral anticoagulant.
Fresh frozen plasma, prothrombin complex concentrate (rapid) or vitamin K (longer).
Changes in these valves correspond to sound heard at the onset of systole.
What is closure of mitral and tricuspid valves?
What are phase 2 (plateau) and phase 4 (upstroke)?
Homans sign.
What are patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect and ventral septal defect?
Vitamin K epoxide reductase carboxylates these coagulation factors and proteins.
Factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S.
This structure prevents electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles, except through AV node.
What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
Channels that open in response to cytoplasmic Ca++ to increase contractility.
What are ryanodine receptors? (calcium induced calcium release)
Type of murmur that can occur physiologically in some children, during pregnancy, during strenuous activity, and thyrotoxicosis.
What is systolic murmur?
Diastolic murmurs are never physiologic.
Complication of pulmonary embolism that presents with Hampton's hump.
What is pulmonary infarction?
Name at least 5 contraindications of therapeutic agents that deactivate fibrin and fibrinogen.
- BP > 185 (severe hypertension)
- history of intracranial bleed
- stroke/head trauma within 3 months
- thrombocytopenia (less than 100,000)
- younger than 18, older than 80
- recent surgery
- STEMI, ischemic stroke, DVT, PE greater than 4.5 hours ago
Embryonic structure that forms the septums and heart valvues.
This nervous system is responsible for positive inotropy through the cardiac plexus.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
A continuous murmur (during both diastole and systole) occurs with this pathology.
What is patent ductus arteriosus or arteriovenous fistulas?
A patient with a history of recurrent DVTs despite therapeutic anticoagulation is found to have a prolonged PTT that does not correct with a mixing study. What is the likely diagnosis?
What is antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)?
Patients that take sulfonamides for diabetes and drink grapefruit juice need to increase or decrease warfarin dosage for therapeutic effect.
What is decrease?
(inhibitors of CYP450, decrease warfarin breakdown, more metabolically active warfarin, lower dosage needed)