Pathophysiology
This term describes a clinical syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood.
What is heart failure?
A common assessment found in the lower extremity of heart failure patients...
What is peripheral edema?
An ultrasound test that uses a transducer, which creates a high pitched sound waves to test the heart and determine patient ejection fraction.
What is an Echocardiogram?
This class of medications is used in the HF patient to enhance renal excretion of sodium and water; treat fluid overload.
What are diuretics?
These are the drug classes that make up Guideline Directed Medical Therapy (GDMT) for HFrEF patients.
What are ACE/ARB/ARNI, beta blockers, SGLT2 and MRAs?
Coronary artery disease, uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, drug abuse, arrythmias, heart valve issues, genetics...
What are causes of heart failure?
Pulmonary symptom heart failure patients report when doing activities of daily living.
What is dyspnea upon exertion?
One of the first tests performed to determine the cause of Heart failure symptoms. It identifies or rules out other possible causes of shortness of breath and fluid buildup in the lungs.
These are lifestyle changes recommended for patients with heart failure.
What are low sodium diet, fluid restriction, and daily weight monitoring
This medication is frequently prescribed to treat arrythmias that develop due to heart failure and predispose patients to the development of a blood clot.
What are anticoagulants?
These are three classifications of heart failure and their ejection fraction ranges.
1. What is HFpEF (EF >55%)
2. What is HFmrEF (EF 41-49%)
3. What is HFrEF (EF <40%)
This sign is noticeable when an exacerbated CHF patients lie on bed at 30-45 degrees, with head turned to one side or the other...
What is Jugular vein distention (JVD)?
Procedure that tests and treats any blockages in the coronary arteries.
What is a left heart catheterization?
These are two different devices to help with fluid management in the outpatient setting.
What are HFAMS and CardioMEMS?
This class of drugs enhance the contractility of the heart ...
What are inotropic drugs?
This lab value is increased due to enzymes produced and released by the ventricles when a HF patient has fluid overload...
What is Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)?
This occurs when a CHF patient wakes up in the middle of the night coughing and short of breath, classically resolving when the patient gets up and goes to the window for air...
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?
A neurohormone that helps regulate BP and fluid balance
What is brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
These are two surgical options that are offered for HFrEF patients that we send to Atlanta.
What is an LVAD or a heart transplant?
This medication class has to be stopped for 36 hours before starting an ARNI.
What are ACE inhibitors?
Management of HFpEF centers around managing these comorbidities.
What are HTN, obesity, diabetes, AF, and sleep apnea?
These two words describe a patient in cardiogenic shock that tell us they aren't doing well.
What is wet and cold?
Procedure that measures cardiac index, pulmonary artery pressures, wedge pressure, and right atrial pressures.
What is a right heart catheterization?
What is a CRT-D or CRT-P?
This is the only drug class that has been recommended for all HFpEF pts that don't have contraindications.
What are SGLT2 medicatons?