Pathophysiology: Know Your Flow!
This heart chamber directly pumps blood to the rest of the body.
What is the left ventricle?
This heart failure subtype is defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction for 40% or less.
What is HFrEF?
This first-line drug class in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction is a combination drug that is used and preferred over ACE inhibitors/ARBs.
What is sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto)?
The generic name for Toprol XL.
What is metoprolol succinate?
HFpEF is characterized by having an ejection fraction that is at or above this percentage.
What is 50%?
This drug class, commonly found over-the-counter, can worsen heart failure by increasing sodium/water retention.
What are NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen)?
This is a cardinal symptom of heart failure that is characterized by swelling in the lower limbs.
What is edema?
When transitioning from an ACE inhibitor to Entresto, a washout period of this many hours is required to reduce the risk of angioedema.
What is 36 hours?
The brand name for empagliflozin.
What is Jardiance?
True or False: The outcomes for HFpEF are not as severe as HFrEF.
This type of heart dysfunction is described as the inability of the left ventricle to contract and eject blood.
What is systolic dysfunction?
This ACC/AHA Stage (A-D) of heart failure is also defined as "pre-heart failure"?
What is ACC/AHA Stage B?
This drug class is first line in controlling volume overload/fluid retention in patients with heart failure.
What are loop diuretics?
The generic name for Coreg.
What is carvedilol?
True of False: Beta-blockers are recommended for routine use in HFpEF to reduce hospitalizations.
What is false?
What is sodium?
This New York Heart Association class (I-IV) is characterized by having symptoms at rest.
What is NYHA Class IV?
This medication is a combination pill that is taken three times a day and is recommended to reduce morbidity/mortality in Black/African American patients with HFrEF.
What is hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (BiDil)?
The brand name of enalapril.
What is Vasotec (or Epaned)?
Patients with HFpEF comprise of approximately this percentage of the total heart failure population.
What is ~50%?
This biomarker is released when volume overload stretches the left ventricle.
What is B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)?
This diagnostic test is the gold standard procedure used to evaluate heart size, structure, and left ventricular function.
What is an echochardiogram?
Michael Myers is a 67 year-old man with HFrEF. He is on sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto), spironolactone (Aldactone) and dapagliflozin (Farxiga). This DRUG CLASS should be added to this regimen complete the four pillars.
What are beta-blockers?
The generic name for Inpefa. This dual inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter 1 and 2, was FDA-approved in May 2023 to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, and urgent heart failure visit in adults with heart failure.
What is sotagliflozin?
Originally approved for diabetes, this drug class is now first-line in HFpEF and earned its class 2a recommendation to reduce hospitalizations due to recent trial data showing their benefit (Hint: "flozins")
What are SGLT2 inhibitors?