Cardiac Cycle
What is diastole?
Relaxation
What is the Bainbridge reflex?
A stretch reflex of the right atrium in response to greater venous return (speeds up heartbeat)
Why is it important that blood flow through the capillaries is slow?
These are the 3 branches of the aortic arch.
What are the brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, & left comm carotid artery?
Why might a patient need an artificial pacemaker (medically & what part of their heart isn't working properly)?
SA/AV node dysfunction, making their heart rate too slow (20-40 BPM). This can occur after an MI.
What are EDV & ESV?
End-diastolic volume & end-systolic volume (equation: SV=EDV-ESV)
This is the equation for cardiac output.
What is CO=HR*SV?
This is where the greatest decline of blood pressure takes place.
What are small arteries & arterioles?
What is the flow of blood through the heart?
superior & inferior VC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, & aorta.
This is the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmia.
What is ventricular fibrillation?
There's a 100-millisecond delay here.
What is preload versus afterload?
Preload=how much the ventricles stretch during diastole
Afterload=the resistance the heart encounters when trying to pump out blood
This forces solutes & water through gaps in capillaries due to blood pressure.
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP)?
What is the flow of blood to the right hand?
This type of cardiac arrhythmia is often associated with stimulatory drugs, such as epinephrine.
What is a premature ventricular contraction (PVC)?
Put the components of the conducting system in order.
Sinoatrial node, internodal pathways, atrioventricular node, AV bundle, bundle branches, & Purkinje fibers.
Calculate SV if ESV is 45 mL & EDV is 160 mL.
SV=115 mL/beat
What causes blood colloid pressure (BCOP)?
Suspended blood proteins that are too large to enter capillaries.
What is the flow of blood to the right foot?
ascending aorta, arch, descending aorta, thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta, right common iliac, right external iliac, right femoral, right popliteal, right anterior tibial, right dorsalis pedis, & right plantar.
These two sounds can easily be heard through a stethoscope.
What are S1 & S2 (valves closing)?
What happens during ventricular systole I?
What is isovolumetric contraction?
What decreases cardiac output?
bradycardia, severe tachycardia, parasympathetic activation, node dysfunction, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, hypertension, hypovolemic shock, & MI
What happens primarily at the venous end of the capillary?
Reabsorption/osmosis occurs; fluid moves into the capillary & out of the interstitial fluid.
What is the flow of blood to the right side of the brain (round trip)?
ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, right common carotid, right internal carotid, cerebral arterial circle, & brain.
dural venous sinuses, right internal jugular, right brachiocephalic, superior VC, & right atrium.
List some negative impacts afterload can have on the heart.
Ventricles take longer to contract, ventricles cannot eject as much blood, ESV increases, less new blood can enter the ventricles, reduced recoil/decrease in stroke volume, & edema.