Blood pressure
This is the force exerted by blood against vessel walls.
What is blood pressure?
This chamber pumps blood to the lungs.
What is the right ventricle?
This ion is crucial for cardiac muscle contraction.
What is calcium (Ca²⁺)?
This equation relates pressure, flow, and resistance.
What is P = Q × R?
Which wave represents atrial depolarization?
What is the P wave?
This phase represents the pressure when the heart contracts.
What is systolic pressure?
This valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
What is the mitral (bicuspid) valve?
This structure acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart.
What is the SA node (sinoatrial node)?
If vessel radius decreases, resistance changes in this way (Poiseuille’s law).
What is resistance increases?
Time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization?
What is the ST segment?
This phase represents the pressure when the heart relaxes.
What is diastolic pressure?
This structure separates the left and right sides of the heart.
What is the septum?
These channels are blocked by calcium channel blockers to reduce cardiac output.
What are calcium channels?
This type of blood vessel has the highest resistance.
What are arterioles?
Backup pacemaker if SA node fails?
What is the AV node
A narrowing of arteries increases this in blood flow.
What is resistance?
This vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
What are pulmonary veins?
This part of the conduction system delays the impulse before ventricles contract.
What is the AV node?
If blood flow remains constant but the vessel narrows, velocity will do this.
What is the increase?
Irregularly irregular rhythm + no P waves?
What is atrial fibrillation?
This hormone increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction.
What is angiotensin II?
This layer of the heart wall is responsible for contraction.
What is myocardium?
Decreased cardiac output can result from reduced this (CO = HR × SV).
What is stroke volume or heart rate?
This law explains how vessel radius affects blood flow to the fourth power.
What is Poiseuille’s law?
This part of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization and is normally narrow; abnormalities in its width can indicate bundle branch blocks or ventricular conduction delays.
What is the QRS complex?