Heat Basics
What is heat and how is it related to particle movement?
Heat is the amount of thermal energy in an object, and objects with higher particle movement have a higher temperature.
What type of energy is associated with the motion of particles?
Kinetic energy.
Name the type of thermometer used in a laboratory.
A laboratory thermometer, typically calibrated from -20°C to 120°C.
What are the three common states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
Name the three methods of heat transfer.
Conduction, convection, and radiation.
Describe how technology has changed our use of heat for washing clothes.
Early civilizations used river water and fire to heat water, while modern technology includes hot water heaters and tankless systems that provide hot water on demand.
What type of energy is associated with the storing of energy within bonds?
Potential Energy
What is the Celsius scale based on?
The properties of water, specifically its freezing and boiling points.
What is sublimation?
A change of state from solid directly to gas, requiring an increase in energy.
How does conduction transfer heat?
Conduction transfers heat through direct contact between particles.
What is the particle model of matter, and how does it relate to heat?
The particle model explains that all matter is made of tiny particles that are always in motion, and temperature affects their movement.
What is the law of conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred or transformed.
How does a bimetallic strip work in a thermostat?
A bimetallic strip bends in response to temperature changes, which activates the thermostat to regulate temperature.
What happens to particles during freezing?
During freezing, particles lose energy, move slower, and come closer together to form a solid.
What is convection, and how does it occur in liquids and gases?
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of particles in a fluid, where warmer, less dense particles rise and cooler, denser particles sink.
Explain the difference between thermal energy and temperature.
Thermal energy is the total energy of all particles in a substance, while temperature is the measure of the average energy of those particles.
How does specific heat capacity affect heating and cooling?
A material with a high specific heat capacity heats up slowly and cools down slowly, while a low specific heat capacity material heats up and cools down quickly.
Explain how an infrared thermometer works.
An infrared thermometer measures the thermal radiation emitted by an object to determine its temperature without direct contact.
What is condensation?
The change of state from gas to liquid, which results from a decrease in energy.
Why are insulators important in heat transfer?
Insulators slow the movement of energy, reducing heat loss and maintaining temperature in various applications.
What happens to particles in a substance when it is heated?
The particles gain energy, move faster, and collide more often, causing the substance to expand.
What is the difference between chemical and physical change?
Chemical- irreversible, new substance formed
Physical- reversible, no new substance formed
What type of thermometer is used in ovens?
Thermocouple
Why is water unique in terms of its behavior when it freezes?
Water expands as it freezes, which is unusual for most substances that contract.
Describe how radiation transfers heat.
Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves and does not require particles, allowing heat to travel through a vacuum.