Brain
True or False: The process by which unused or unnecessary neural pathways and connections are eliminated is called synaptic pruning.
True
Talia is 4 months old. The nurse would expect her to __________________.
A) transfer objects from one hand to another
B) pull herself up while standing
C) roll over and sit with support
D) show signs of hand preference
C) roll over and sit with support (Answer)
Toddlers may lose newly acquired skills (regress) when hospitalized (ie. toilet training) and this may foster feelings of guilt and shame.
True or False
True
Babies are born with much poorer visual acuity than their eventual adult ability. At which age do most children reach adult visual acuity standards?
A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 7 years
D) 5 years
C) 7 years (Answer)
The infant's sense that may well be the best developed of all is:
A) smell.
B) sight.
C) touch.
D) hearing.
C) touch. (Answer)
The ability of the brain to reorganize brain structures in response to experience is called__________________.
A. myelinization.
B. synaptogenesis.
C. reticularization.
D. neuroplasticity.
D. neuroplasticity. (Answer)
Baby Mike is 2 months old. The nurse would expect him to ________________
A) Grasp a spoon across the palm
B) Transfer objects from one hand to the other
C) Reach for and grasp objects
D) Begin to swipe at objects in sight
D) Begin to swipe at objects in sight (Answer)
Which stressors does the nurse understand are commonly experienced by hospitalized toddlers? Select all that apply.
A. Social isolation
B. Interrupted routine
C. Sleep disturbances
D. Self-concept disturbances
E. Fear of being hurt
B. Interrupted routine
C. Sleep disturbances
E. Fear of being hurt
Regarding sensory skills, which of the following statements is true?
A) The infant's sense of touch is the poorest of all senses.
B) There is no discernable difference between visual and auditory acuity.
C) A newborn's visual acuity is better than their auditory acuity.
D) A newborn's auditory acuity is better than their visual acuity.
D) A newborn's auditory acuity is better than their visual acuity. (Answer)
Research indicates that newborns have not developed their sense of smell and taste because they cannot differentiate between the four basic flavours of normal, sweet, sour, and bitter.
True or False??
(Answer) False
Which of the following activities becomes possible as a result of the myelinization of the reticular formation?
A. dexterity in manipulation of small objects, such as picking up a cheerio.
B. concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task/toy.
C. speed and agility in motor skills, such as running to catch a ball.
D. Recognizing a familiar object, such as mom’s face
B. concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task/toy. (Answer)
Two-year-old Jason has great stamina because of the improvements in _____ efficiency and increasing strength of ____________muscles.
Lung, heart muscles
What is the best way to promote a hospitalized infant’s sense of trust? Hint: Think of Erikson’s stages of development
A. Respond quickly to their non-verbal cues including crying
B. Encourage the parents to stay with the infant at all times
C. Ensure the infant is fed every 2- 3 hours
D. Assign a consistent nurse to the infant during hospitalization
A. Respond quickly to their non-verbal cues including crying (Answer)
Which statement is TRUE regarding colour vision in the very first few weeks of a newborn child's life?
A) All the types of cells necessary to see are not present, so babies can only see in black and white.
B) The types of cells in the eyes necessary to see red, green, and blue are probably present by 1 month of age.
C) All the types of cells necessary to see are not present, therefore the babies can see black, white, and only muted shades of blue.
D) Not all the types of cells necessary to see are present at birth, so babies can only see white, black, and red.
B) The types of cells in the eyes necessary to see red, green, and blue are probably present by 1 month of age. (Answer)
Do babies have a preference to certain tastes? Explain
Sweet and Savoury flavors
Newborns can also taste umami (savory), the characteristic flavor that comes from adding monosodium glutamate (MSG) to food and which is typical of high protein foods that are high in glutamates (e.g., meat, cheese). Generally, newborns express pleasure when researchers test them for umami sensitivity. Some researchers speculate that newborns’ preferences for umami-flavoured and sweet foods explain their attraction to breast milk, a substance that is naturally rich in sugars and glutamates.
Sucking, withdrawing from pain, or closing the pupil of the eye in response to bright light are examples of:
A. babinski and moro reflexes.
B. primitive responses that disappear by six months of age.
C. adaptive reflexes that enable a neonate to survive.
D. mature responses necessary for socialization as a human.
C. adaptive reflexes that enable a neonate to survive. (Answer)
Girls are ahead of boys in some aspects of physical maturity such as ________________.
Hint—they have a slight advantage in the development of manipulative skills
Separate bones of the wrist appear earlier in girls than in boys. Throughout infancy, girls are ahead of boys in some aspects of physical maturity. For example, the separate bones of the wrist appear earlier in girls than in boys. This means that female infants may have a slight advantage in the development of manipulative skills such as self-feeding
What does the nurse understand about an 8-month-old, who cries when vital signs are being taken?
A. The baby’s behavior indicates stranger anxiety as expected.
B. The behavior indicates the baby will develop into a shy child.
C. Babies at this age fear pain.
D. This is a temper tantrum and is common with this age group.
A. The baby’s behavior indicates stranger anxiety as expected. (Answer)
Explain a baby’s ability to track moving objects.
Because a newborn infant can’t yet move independently, many of her experiences are with objects that move toward them or away from them. If they have any success in recognizing objects, they have to be able to keep their eyes on them as they move: to track. Infants younger than 2 months show some tracking for brief periods if the target is moving very slowly, but somewhere around 6 to 10 weeks a shift occurs and babies’ tracking becomes skillful rather quickly
What areas of the baby are most sensitive to touch?
The neonatal brain is responsive to gentle social touching, which may play an important role in early brain development, especially somatosensory processing and the perception of tactile sensations. Babies appear to be especially sensitive to touches on the mouth, the face, the hands, the soles of the feet, and the abdomen, with less sensitivity in other parts of the body
Explain in 1-2 sentence/s-- the development of the brain in the first two years of life, using the terms regions, connector hubs, exchanging information and cognitive and motor tasks.
Over the course of infancy, the brain subdivides into separate regional networks while the emerging connector hubs become better at exchanging information within and between the regions of the brain, which in turn, correspond to improvements in cognitive and motor tasks
In hospital, Lilian’s mom asks you how she can prevent SIDS.
State 4- 5 ways she can prevent SIDS.
i. Position infant to sleep on their back
ii. Eliminate quilts, pillows, soft toys, bumpers
iii. Avoid lying baby on soft surface
iv. Avoid bed sharing, sleeping or napping with baby
v. Provide a smoke free environment
vi. Have baby sleep in a cot or crib beside parents in the first six month
Out of all the senses which one do you feel is most important for baby’s survival and growth/development? Why?
Many options -- If you can justify your claim, you receive full marks