Blood
What does plasma contain?
What is the main job of albumin
Plasma has clotting factors and secretes antibodies
Albumin maintains fluid balance and binds substances like meds in the bloodstream
What would be the education to give someone with iron deficiency anemia? SATA
A. ferrous sulfate supplements
B. stool softener
C. eat citrus fruits and spinach
D. stop being vegetarian
E. stool may become darker
A. ferrous sulfate supplements
B. stool softener
C. eat citrus fruits and spinach
E. stool may become darker
What is the patho of sickle cell anemia?
Abnormal Hgb S cause low oxygen sensitive RBC to have a sickle shape, sickle cells adhere to blood vessel and occlude pathways leading to decreased blood flow/ perfusion aka sickle cell crisis and pain
For thrombocytopenia, what very low lab value leaves a patient at risk for fatal hemorrhage?
less than 5,000 platelets
A patient with thrombocytopenia is advised to avoid what types of medications?
NSAID's
How long can blood be hanging for until it is considered expired?
4 hours, at the 4 hour mark even if blood is left it must be stopped
What is pernicious anemia a lack of?
What is a significant s/s of pernicious anemia?
A lack of vitamin B-12 or intrinsic factor -> mainly a dietary concern but meds can alter absorption
s/s : a beefy red tongue and mild diarrhea
neuro: confusion, trouble balancing, paresthesia
What are 5 triggers for sickle cell anemia patients?
Cold
High altitudes
Trauma/stress
Strenuous exercise
Dehydration
A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. What hormone deficiency contributes to this?
Erythropoietin
Smocking, COPD and high altitudes are risk factors for?
Polycythemia
4 ways to achieve anemia :) what are they?
1. Poor nutrition -> inadequate absorption
- vitamin k helps w/ iron absorption
2. Hemorrhagic blood loss
3. Renal disease -> affects erythropoietin production
4. Bone marrow suppression -> affects RBC production
For iron deficiency anemia, why would it be important to run a diagnostic for the total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and the serum iron level?
To figure out if the iron deficiency anemia strains form a lack of iron or the lack of transporters for the iron
What organ comes enlarged with sickle cell anemia?
Enlarged spleen
In Immune Thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) what is the cause of primary and secondary ITP?
Primary - No underlying cause
Secondary - A condition that triggers ITP
- more common in pediatric + females
During pregnancy you should be taking prenatals like folic acid to prevent what condition?
Anemia, specifically dilutional anemia and folate deficiency (B9)
What are the 2 dangerous types of transfusion reactions?
Acute hemolytic
Circulation overload -> can cause heart failure and affect breathing
This anemia is a decrease in ALL cells?
What s/s would you see? name 2-3
Aplastic anemia
Presents with purpura, repeat throat infx (from bone marrow failure) and retinal hemorrhage
Condition characterized by a low platelet count
Nursing recommendations include using a soft bristled toothbrush, electric razor, potential transfusion and educate on falls/stopping bleeds
Thrombocytopenia
What is ITP, how does it work?
Works by antibodies that bind/destroy platelets
* its autoimmune
- this is shown as purpura/easy bruising, heavy menstruation and epistaxis
Name one/some ways to manage sickle cell anemia
IV fluid for dehydration, pain meds, oxygen, heat on joints, blood transfusion, assess VS and signs of strokes/thrombosis
What is hemochromatosis?
How would you treat it?
too much iron absorption
- mainly in european males causing hyperpigmented skin and arrhythmias
- iron goes to liver, skin and pancreas so monitor for cirrhosis
Treat: removal of blood
How does hemolytic anemia work, describe the process?
Erythrocyte destruction -> decrease in erythrocytes -> kidney stimulates erythropoietin ->bone marrow releases reticulocytes (premature RBC) -> shorter RBC life
- leads to hypoxia
- caused by sepsis, prosthetic heart valves and heavy metals
What is polycythemia vera?
What complications can arise from it?
An overproduction of ALL blood cells
This leads to very thick blood which is more at risk for clotting
- s/s : ruddy complexion (flushed), *tinnitus, increased BP
education: increased risk with sedentary behavior and *tight clothes, SCD's and blood removal
What nursing education is important for patients with ITP?
No rectal temp, electric razor, no straining when pooping, no NSAIDs
In what autoimmune disease that we learned about is anemia seen when the disease happens for a long time?
RA