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What is duty of care?
Duty of care is a legal obligation which is imposed on an individual requiring adherence to a standard of reasonable care while performing any acts that could foreseeably harm others.
What is atherosclerosis?
Chronic inflammatory disease caused by lesions in the arterial wall.
Atherosclerosis is thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.
What is an embolism?
An embolism is a solid, liquid, or gaseous mass carried in the blood to a site distant from the point of origin – a blood clot (thrombus), a fat globule, a bubble of air, foreign material, etc.
Nearly all emboli are the result of a dislodged thrombus – thromboembolism.
What drug class is amlodipine?
Calcium channel blocker
What are the 2 classes of pain fibres?
A-delta fibres, C fibres
What is an atheroma? and what are 2 risk factors?
An atheroma is an accumulation of degenerative material in the tunica intima of artery walls.
Risk factors: Smoking, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, family history
What are the clinical complications of atherosclerosis? (name 2)
Coronary heart disease, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, chronic kidney disease, aneurism
Which medications prevent atheroma formation? (2)
Statins and fibrates (lipid-lowering drugs)
Which fibre is unmyelinated and which is myelinated?
C fibre is unmyelinated and A-delta is myelinated
What are the 3 steps to atherogenesis?
Initiation – fatty streak, Plaque progression – fibrous cap atheroma, plaque rupture
What is ischaemia and what are some clinical manifestations of acute limb ischaemia? (2)
Ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism.
Clinical manifestations: Pain, Pallor, Pulseless, Paraesthesia (tingling), Paralysis
Describe the mechanism
Blocks calcium channels so inhibits initial influx of calcium which lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels.
What is negligence?
Negligence is a failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in like circumstances.
What are some symptoms of atherosclerosis?
What triggers thrombosis to form over the atheroma?
Sometimes a patch of atheroma may develop a tiny crack or rupture on the inside surface of the blood vessel. This may trigger a blood clot (thrombosis) to form over the atheroma, which may completely block the blood flow.
Contraindications of amlodipine (3)
Unstable angina, severe hypotension, heart failure, hepatic impairment, cardiogenic shock, known hypersensitivity
Which fibre has the fastest conduction velocity and what signals do they send out?
A delta fibres-temperature and pain
What are risk factors of atherosclerosis that can't be controlled? (3)
Having close relatives with atherosclerosis, being a man, growing older
How can atherosclerosis cause death?
If a plaque bursts, a blood clot may form that may block the artery completely or travel to other parts of the body. Blockages, either complete or incomplete, can cause complications, including heart attack, stroke, limb loss and death
what are 4 side effects of amlodipine?