Punnett Square
In a Punnett square, what do capital letters represent?
Dominant alleles.
What is heredity?
Passing traits from parents to offspring.
Which reproduction type increases genetic diversity?
Sexual reproduction.
This type of reproduction involves only one parent and produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
Asexual reproduction
What does GMO stand for?
Genetically Modified Organism.
What is the probability of getting a recessive trait from two heterozygous parents (Tt × Tt)?
25%.
What is a trait?
A characteristic like eye color, hair texture, or height.
Which reproduction type requires one parent?
Asexual reproduction
Mitosis results in cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell, while meiosis produces cells with __________ the number of chromosomes.
What is one example of a GMO?
Pest‑resistant corn, insulin‑producing bacteria, etc.
A parent is TT. What types of gametes can they give?
Only T.
What molecule carries genetic information?
DNA.
gametes are produced in this type of reproduction
Give one example of an organism that reproduces asexually.
Bacteria, yeast, hydra, strawberry plants, etc.
Why do scientists change an organism’s DNA?
To give it new traits or solve real‑world problems.
If a cross gives 50% Tt and 50% tt, what were the parents' genotypes?
Tt × tt.
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.
Why are offspring from sexual reproduction genetically unique?
They inherit DNA from two parents.
This type of reproduction produces haploid cells
sexual reproduction
What is DNA extraction?
Removing DNA from cells.
What do Punnett squares predict?
Possible genotypes/phenotypes of offspring.
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic makeup; phenotype = physical traits you can observe.
This process of asexual reproduction allows organisms like starfish or lizards to regrow lost body parts.
regeneration
Name two advantages of asexual reproduction.
Fast, energy‑efficient, produces many offspring.
How has biotechnology helped medicine?
Making vaccines, insulin, gene therapy tools, etc.