Intro to Psycholinguistics
Morphemes that vary phonetically (ex. "s" in bats vs. "s" in bags)
Allomorphs
Located in the frontal lobe; Anterior to central sulcus
Primary Motor Cortex- sends signals to muscles when carrying out speech
Using phonetic or graphic data to get to the meaning
Bottom-Up Processing
Challenges for young infants
-Duality of patterning
- Determining what changes in a sound cause a meaning difference
When children are no longer using a language
Language Loss
The ERPs for these sentences are:
1) The boy will packing the bag.
2) The mouse will eat the door.
1) P600 Expecting: the boy will pack the bag
2) N400 Expecting: The mouse will eat the cheese
Characteristics of a vowel are determined by...
Formant patterns (steady states and transitions)
Formants (primary F1 and F2 in English)
Duration
Phonological Neighbors
Difference between derivational and inflectional morphemes
Derivational: affixes that change the lexical category or meaning
Inflectional: affixes that change grammatical form
Lesion causes the inability to repeat words
Conduction Aphasia- lesion in the Arcuate Fasciculus that connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas
Phonological awareness test involve...
1. Identification of the sounds in words
2. Combining sound sequences
3. Rearrange or manipulate sound sequences (ex. say "sad" without an /s/ or replace the /s/ with an /m/)
A child that refers to all four-legged animals as a "horse" is exhibiting...
Overextension
A word innately understood by all people but hard to define in simpler terms (ex. good)
Semantic Primitives
Children still developing language after a Hemispherectomy (left side) suggests...
If a Left Hemispherectomy is performed in the "Critical Period," children often are able to still develop language. This demonstrates the incredible neuroplasticity of the brain in early childhood.
Sounds such as vowels are perceived ____________ while sounds such as stop consonants are perceived as ____________
Continuously: organization into gradient properties
Categorically: all-or-nothing organization
A parent points to their new cup and says "Tumbler." Their child can now identify that their water bottle they have seen previously and tumbler are different. This example shows...
Mutual Exclusivity Bias
Human language is:
1. Symbolic/Non-iconic= not being related to referent
2. Infinitively Creative= humans can comprehend and produce an infinite number of new sentences
3. Rule-governed= there is a subconscious set of rules/grammar that guides what we consider to right or wrong in a language
4. Displacement= can discuss objects/people that aren't there
5. Hierarchically structured= sentences and words can be broken down systematically into smaller parts
A patient with documented brain damage on one side of their brain has trouble understanding the tone of someone's voice. Which hemisphere is likely damaged?
Right Hemisphere (fucntions: higher order processing, linguistic prosody, visuo-spatial representation)
Phonemic Restoration Effect (the impact of top-down processing)
Toddlers referring to a couch, a stool, a bench, and a chair as a type of chair demonstrates...
They have fewer features to use in order to identify what falls into what categories than adults