Stuttering and Articulation
Define articulation
Movements used to produce speech sounds
What does AAC stand for?
Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Which hemisphere controls language in most right handed people?
Left hemisphere
Define phonation
both the process and the product of sound produced by the larynx
Define congenital disorders
client was born already having this physical impairment (examples: childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), cleft lip and palate, hearing loss)
Name three places of articulation
dental, lips, alveolar ridge, tongue, velum, hard palate, glottis
What is the difference between delay, difference, and disorder?
Delay - slower than normal, too young for full diagnosis
Disorder - diagnosed breakdown somewhere in the encoding/decoding of message (expressive, receptive, mixed)
Difference - individual speaks a different language or dialect that affects their speech
What is the correct order of speech sound development?
vowels, early 8, middle 8, late 8, then consonant clusters
What happens to the vocal folds when a phoneme is voiced vs voiceless?
voiced - vocal folds are vibrating
voiceless - vocal folds are open and not vibrating
closed: adduction, open: abduction
What is the cause and impact of Rett syndrome?
mutation of the X chromosome; language and motor milestones are missed or regression is observed, can cause partial or complete loss of spoken language skills
What are 4 classes of articulation errors?
Substitution, omission, distortion, addition
What are some characteristics of someone that has a specific language impairment (SLI)?
lower MLU, limited syntax and vocabulary
Define Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's - difficulty producing speech
Wernicke's - difficulty understanding speech
Describe the role of an SLP in treating voice disorders
Behavioral intervention, changes in voice use, changes in related behaviors (quitting smoking, drinking water), vocal function exercises
What are the different types of cleft lip/palate?
unilateral, bilateral, primary (lip), secondary (palate)
What are examples of ATYPICAL disfluencies?
repetitions, prolongations, blocks
How many morphemes are in the sentence: "Me eat cookies."
4
Name examples of progressive and degenerative diseases
Parkinson's, dementia, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury (TBI)
What are the three etiological classes of voice disorders and provide an example of each
phonotrauma - vocal nodules, polyps, traumatic laryngitis
neurological - vocal fold paralysis, spasmodic dysphonia
organic - allergies, carcinoma, papilloma, etc.
What is the difference between the deaf and Deaf community?
Deaf - views hearing loss as a normal variation; end goal is not hearing; social identity
deaf - refers to hearing loss as an audiological diagnosis
Name and describe the two direct treatment options for children under the age of seven who stutter.
RESTART DCM - reduce demands, then build capacity because stuttering is caused by demands on child being too high
Lidcombe Program - caregivers give child positive and negative feedback about their talking
What is the incidence of ASD in the US?
1/44
Name and describe three approaches to treatment of acquired communication disorders
Restorative - one part of brain takes over damaged part; some function restored to damaged part
Compensatory - alternative ways to communicate
Maintenance - goal is highest possible quality of life for a s long as possible
What are three treatments recommended by SLPs for treating dysphagia?
Diet modification, exercises to strengthen swallowing, swallowing postures or maneuvers
Why shouldn't SLPs assume that parents prefer oral communication?
They should consider the pros and cons of ASL.
- no surgery
-tight knit cultural community
-learning a new language
-may limit population of communication for child