Anatomy
Do the ribs belong to the appedincular skeleton or the axial skeleton?
The axial skeleton.
Define the term tidal volume
Tidal Volume is the amount of air an individual can inhale or exhale during normal quiet breathing.
What happens with the distribution of blood during exercise?
During exercise blood will move towards the muscles.
Name at list three Micronutrients
Minerals, Vitamins and Fibers
Outline the types of muscle contraction
isotonic, isometric, isokinetic.
What is elasticity?
The ability for muscle to return to normal size.
Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport
Most (98.5%) of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells.
Outline one function of the conducting airways
Low resistance pathway for airflow - (Pharynx)
Defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled - (Larynx)
Warming and moistening the air (Nose)
What is human nutrition?
Human nutrition is the process by substances in food are transformed into body tissues and provide energy for the full range of physical and mental activities that make up human life.
Define the term center of mass
The mathematical point in which the mass of an object is evenly distributed.
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid bone.
List 5 principal structures of the ventilatory system
Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli.
Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise
Cardiac output (O) = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)
State the sources and functions of each Micronutrient
Vitamins: Sources: Fruit, vegetables and Meat. Functions: Bone maintenance, eyesight, immunity. Minerals: Sources: Fruit vegetables and milk. Functions: Bones, oxygen transport, muscle function. Fibers: Sources: Fruit, seeds, nuts and legumes. Functions: Control of sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure.
Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition
Is the process in which a muscle must relax on one side of a joint to allow for a muscle on the other side of the joint, typically the antagonist, to contract effectively.
What is periosteum?
The skin that wraps around the bone and acts as a protection.
Define the term pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary Circulation carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Discuss how systolic and diastolic pressure respond to dynamic exercise
Diastolic in dynamic exercise: Remains the same
Systolic in dynamic exercise: Increases at first but then it maintains.
List four differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.
Unsaturated: Double bonds between carbon atoms, come from plant based foods (peanuts, cashew nuts, rapeseed and sunflower oil, olive oil and avocado), liquid at room temperature. Saturated: No double bonds between carbon atoms, Come from animal sources (Tropical oils such as coconut and palm oil. Fat in and around meat, chicken, pork), Solid at room temperature.
Outline the Bernoulli principle with respect to projectile motion in sporting activities
Bernouill’s principle explains that air blown over an object will reduce the air pressure over the top of the golf ball, allowing it to spin more quickly and continue flying
Where are the myofilaments located and what are they responsible for?
Inside the myofibril and they are responsible for the contraction of myofibrils.
Explain 2 mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs while inhaling
Diaphragm contracts and lowers
External intercostal muscles contract
The volume of the chest cavity increases
The pressure inside the lungs drops below atmospheric pressure
Air rushes into the lungs
Describe 2 cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training
→ Resting heart rate decreases
⟶ Stroke volume/left ventricular volume increases
⟶ Increased capillarization
→ Arterio-venous oxygen difference increases
Define catabolism, anabolism and metabolism.
Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy. Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions. Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built into larger ones.
Explain the concept of angular momentum in relation to gymnastics
After take off the gymnast moves into a tucked position, decreasing the moment of inertia
Moving from a stretched position to a tucked position, increases angular velocity, as the body rotates faster
As she comes out from the tucked position, she extends her body for the landing, the moment of inertia increases, and the angular velocity slows down