Unit 3 AOS 1
Describe 2 environmental factors leading to variations in health status
Work environment
Urban design and infrastructure (including geographic location)
Housing
Climate and Climate change
Describe 3 action areas of the Ottawa Charter
Build healthy public policy: relates directly to the decisions made by government and organisation
Create supportive environments:recognises the impact that the broader determinants have on health status
Strengthen community action: focuses on building links between individuals and the community, and centres around the community working together to achieve a common goal
Develop personal skills: Provides knowledge and information to empower individuals to make informed decisions to promote their H&W.
Reorient health services: The doctor becomes the educator thus shifting the emphasis from treatment to prevention.
Identify a characteristic of a low-income country and explain how it can impact on health status
Answers will vary. Must link to health status indicator.
Economic: Higher levels of poverty, wide range of injuries, opportunities for global trade
Social: Gender equality, birth rates, employment, education, social security systems, health systems, access to technology, under developed legal systems, history of colonisation
Environmental: Safe water & sanitation, food insecurity, adequate housing, infrastructure, levels of carbon dioxide.
Name the 7 SDG's studied and their number.
SDG 1 - No poverty
SDG 2 - Zero Hunger
SDG 3 - Good health and wellbeing
SDG 4 - Quality Education
SDG 5 - Gender Equality
SDG 6 - Clean water and sanitation
SDG 13 - Climate Action
If the question asks you to link it to health outcomes - what can you include in your answer?
Dimensions of H&W or Health status indicators
Name 6 prerequisites for health
Peace, Shelter, Education, Food, Income, Stable eco-system, sustainable resources, social justice, equity
(People should enjoy edible food including some sustainable stew)
Identify three criteria when evaluating the effectiveness of an Indigenous Program
Actual improvements in health and wellbeing
The number of people involved
Feedback provided by participants
Action areas of the Ottawa Charter that are evident
Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate
Whether the initiative has taken the specific needs of the target group into account
Funding that has been provided
Whether the initiative addresses a significant health issue for Indigenous Australians
Name the 3 dimensions and the 4 indicators of the Human Development Index.
Dimensions: A long and healthy life, Knowledge, A decent standard of living
Indicators: Life expectancy, Mean years of schooling, Expected years of schooling, Gross National Income
Name three objectives of the SDG's
end extreme poverty
fight inequality and injustice
address climate change.
Exam Question: Explain how consuming the recommended five serves per day of vegetables would have an impact on the burden of disease in Australia.
Sample response: By consuming enough vegetables, individuals will have enough fibre in their diet, which will promote satiety and prevent overeating (which could lead to weight gain and high BMI). By maintaining a healthy body weight, individuals are at a lower risk of developing weight-related conditions like type 2 diabetes, positively impacting burden of disease in Australia.
What's missing from this sample response?
A link to YLL, YLD or DALY
Explain the interrelationship between spiritual health and wellbeing and mental health and wellbeing using an example
Answers will vary
Must link like this: S.H->M.H ->S.H
OR
M.H -> S.H -> M.H
Name 5 principles of the social model of health and explain difference between the Social Model of Health and Old Public Health.
Addresses the broader determinants (or factors) of health, Involves intersectoral collaboration, Acts to reduce social inequities, Acts to enable access to healthcare, Empowers individuals and communities.
Social model of health an approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups
Old public health government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions
Name the three elements of sustainability and use a dimension of either element to explain how it can promote good health and wellbeing.
Economic, social, environmental (Answers will vary)
i.e. Employed people contribute to taxes which are put back into other sustainable resources (education, roads & healthcare), enhancing physical, mental & social H&W.
i.e. Equal opp for education = more educated women = empowered to make decisions about their lives and their children’s lives = decrease in forced child marriages = improved sense of safety, security and self esteem = M. H&W of girls on a global scale
i.e. Decent work = ↓ prostitution = ↓ STIs = ↑ P. H&W globally
i.e. Electricity available for hospitals, transport, education = ↑ employment opportunities = social connections = ↑ S. H&W worldwide
Explain three key features of SDG 3
reduce maternal mortality
end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five
end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTD), and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
What's missing in this sample response?
Quality education addresses the importance of girls and boys around the world having equal access to high quality education from primary to tertiary levels of education to attain the vocational skills needed for meaningful employment. When girls and boys around the world have access to high quality education, they are likely to have higher levels of health literacy and be aware of the importance of safe sexual practices, which can reduce the risk of these children contracting STD’s such as HIV aids, reducing the spread of HIV aids and assisting with the achievement of key feature ‘end epidemics of communicable disease’.
Specific mention of the SDG's they are talking about (SDG 4 and SDG 3)
Explain both subjective and dynamic nature of health and wellbeing using an example of each
Dynamic: constantly changing (getting a cold)
Subjective: viewed in many different ways (elderly being able to carry out daily tasks)
Name 3 advantages of the Biomedical Model and 3 disadvantages of the Social Model
Biomedical advantages: The funding provided for the approach brings about improvements in technology and research, It enables many common problems to be effectively treated, It extends life expectancy
Social Model disadvantages: Not every condition can be prevented, It does not promote the development of technology and medical knowledge, It does not address the health and wellbeing concerns of individuals, Health promotion messages may be ignored
Name the four global trends.
Use one to explain the implications on health and wellbeing (must link to three dimensions of health).
Conflict and mass migration
Digital technologies
Climate change
World trade and tourism
Explain how achieving SDG 13 can help promote SDG 3
Cleaner energy systems, promoting energy efficient public transport and alternatives (SDG 13), such as cycling or walking, rather than private vehicles, could reduce carbon emissions and air pollution, all of which would help reduce current morbidity and mortality rates due to communicable diseases and a range of non-communicable diseases (SDG 3)
Strengthen resilience & capacity of countries to adapt to climate-related hazards
Integrate climate change measures into policies, strategies & planning
Improve education, awareness-raising & capacity of people to take action to prevent environmental degradation
If you were asked the following question (assume there is a case study):
Using the case study, analyse the implications of climate change for H&W (6 marks).
How would you structure the response?
2 marks: an impact of climate change using information provided on a dimension of health & wellbeing
2 marks: an impact of climate change using information provided on a dimension of health & wellbeing
2 marks: an impact of climate change using information provided on a dimension of health & wellbeing
Name all the dietary risks (11) and explain how one of them can impact on health status
Smoking, Alcohol, High BMI, Underconsumption of vegetables, fruit and dairy, overconsumption of fat, salt, sugar, low intake of fibre and iron.
Explanation of one factor must be linked to a health status indicator.
Discuss how the PBS can promote health in relation to sustainability and equity.
Sustainability: Continually reviewing the medicines available through the PBS means those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritised, which assists in keeping the scheme sustainable (Mental/Physical Health)
Equity: PBS Safety Net (Mental Health)
Explain how inequality and discrimination can lead to differences in health status for high and low income countries.
Must use an example of inequality and link to health status. (Increase risk of violence, premature death, depression and anxiety).
Must use an example of discrimination and link to health status. i.e. discrimination results in social exclusion = ↓ participation in society/community = ↓ access to education, healthcare, employment and housing
Identify the 6 core functions (work) of the WHO
1.Provide leadership and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing
2.Conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information
3.Set norms and standards, and promote and monitor their implementation
4.Develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing
5.Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems
6.Monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends
List the 6 golden rules of HHD.
1: H&W = link to an aspect & dimensions of H&W
2: Health status = health status indicator
3: Health or health outcomes = dimensions of H&W or health status indicator
4: Burden of diseases = YLL, YLD or DALY
5: Human Development = make a meaningful link to an aspect of the definition of human development
6: SDG 3 = link to key feature of SDG 3 (and not dimensions of H&W)