U3 AOS 1
How is Burden of Disease measured?
In a unit called DALY, which stands for Disability Adjusted Life Year.
YLL + YLD = DALY
Explain the biomedical model of health.
-The biomedical approach to health, sometimes referred to as the ‘band aid’ or ‘quick-fix’ approach
-Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness
- It involves diagnosing the disease or illness and then treating the illnesses and conditions once symptoms are present.
-It focuses mainly on the use of technology to diagnose and cure disease, and on the services provided by doctors, specialists and hospitals
- Individuals are the focus of the biomedical approach, in contrast to the population-based focus of public health actions.
All countries can be classified into one of three categories. Middle-income countries are sometimes broken down into a further two groups. Name ALL of the categories.
-Low income
-Middle income (upper and lower)
-High income
Bilateral aid refers to when one government provides to the government of another country.
What are the three categories of factors that contribute to differences in Australia's health status?
-Biological
-Environmental
-Sociocultural
What is the difference between emotional health and wellbeing and mental health and wellbeing?
Emotional health and wellbeing relates to appropriately experiencing, identifying and managing emotions, whereas mental health and wellbeing relates to the nature of feelings and thoughts that a person is having.
What is one strength and one disadvantage of medicare?
Strengths
Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services
Available to all Australian citizens
Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries allows Australian citizens to access free healthcare in selected countries
Covers tests and examinations, doctors’ and specialists’ fees (schedule fee only), and some procedures such as X-rays and eye tests
The Medicare Safety Net provides extra financial contributions for medical services once an individual’s or family’s co-payments reach a certain level
Disadvantages
No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
Waiting lists for many treatments
Does not cover alternative therapies
Often does not cover the full amount of a doctor’s visit
Name the three dimensions of sustainability
-Environmental
-Economic
-Social
Name two key features of SDG 3.
reduce maternal mortality to fewer than 70 per 100 000 live births
end preventable deaths of newborns and children under five, reducing neonatal mortality to 12 per 1000 live births and under-5 mortality to 25 per 1000 live births
end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTD), and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases
reduce by one-third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment, and promote mental health and wellbeing
strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol
halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents
ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services
achieve universal health coverage, including access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines
reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for communicable and non-communicable diseases and provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines
increase investment in healthcare services and qualified healthcare staff, especially in low-income countries and small island developing states
strengthen the capacity of all countries for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks.
Define the term equity.
Equity is a concept that relates to fairness and social justice, but has a particular focus on disadvantaged groups.
How can health and wellbeing act as a resource globally?
-Assist in promoting peace and stability
-Reduce risk of disease transmission between countries
-Promotes sustainability
-Promotes social development
-Promotes economic development
What are the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter?
Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services.
The Human Development Index is based on three dimensions and four indictors. What are the three dimensions of HDI?
-Knowledge
-A decent standard of living
-A long and healthy life
Explain the term 'multilateral aid.'
Multilateral aid is assistance provided through a large global organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations (UN), or the WHO. Governments provide money to multilateral organisations that combine funds from many countries and use these funds to support countries in need.
How is medicare funded?
Medicare is funded through three sources of income:
the Medicare levy
the Medicare levy surcharge
general taxation.
The Medicare levy is an additional 2 per cent tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers. Those with low incomes or with specific circumstances may be exempt from paying the levy.
People without private health insurance earning more than a certain amount ($90 000 a year for individuals and $180 000 for families in 2020–21) have to pay an extra tax called the Medicare levy surcharge. The Medicare levy surcharge increases as income increases; for example, an individual without private health insurance earning more than $90 000 will pay an extra 1 per cent of their income to Medicare, and an individual without private health insurance earning more than $140 001 will pay an extra 1.5 per cent of their income to Medicare. This is an incentive for those on higher incomes to take out private health insurance, which takes some of the financial pressure off Medicare.
Name three sociocultural factors
-Socioeconomic status
-Unemployment
-Social connections and social exclusion
-Social isolation
-Cultural norms
-Food Security
-Early life experiences
-Access to healthcare
-Commercial factors
Name two policies or practices associated with Old Public Health.
- Quarantine laws
-Elimination of housing slums and introduction of better-quality housing
-Improved food and nutrition
-Improved working conditions
-Establishment of public health campaigns
-More hygienic birthing practices
-Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
The Human Development Index is based on three dimensions and four indictors. What are the four indicators of HDI?
-Life expectancy at birth
-Mean years of schooling
-Expected years of schooling
-Gross National Income per capita
Name one of the three goals of the WHO.
The goals are:
Promote health - Healthier populations: 6 Billion people will enjoy healthier lives.
Provide health: Universal health coverage: 5 Billion people will benefit from universal health care without financial hardship.
Protect health — Health emergencies: 7 Billion people will be better protected from health emergencies.
Explain the term sociocultural factors
Sociocultural factors relate to the social and cultural conditions into which people are born, grow, live, work and age.
Explain how smoking/vaping can impact the health status of Australians. (Include a disease and a health status indicator).
Contribution to disease
Chemicals in tobacco smoke increase blood pressure speed up the process of atherosclerosis, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Increased incidence of heart attack and stroke = increased mortality and decreased life expectancy.
Tobacco smoke can cause faults in cells as they divide, increasing the risk of many types of cancer.
Increased incidence of cancer, increased mortality.
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight babies.
Increased infant and U5MR
Exposure to tobacco smoke in early life (including in the uterus) increases the risk of asthma.
A leading cause of YLD and therefore burden of disease in children.
Smoking damages airways and increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
A leading cause of premature death and burden of disease for adults.
Smoking lowers immune system function and increases the risk of infectious diseases.
Increased incidence of conditions such as pneumonia and respiratory infections.
Identify what action area of the Ottawa is reflected in the examples below.
-The Road to Zero education initiative work to provide secondary school students with road safety knowledge.
-'Quit' provides information regarding tobacco smoking and vaping and the benefits associated with not smoking or vaping.
-Develop personal skills
Name three social characteristics of high-income countries.
-Low birth rates and population growth
-High levels of employment
-High levels of education
-Developed social security systems
-Developed health systems
-Access to technology
-Developed legal systems
Explain what a global trend is and provide an example of a global trend.
Global trends are patters of social, environmental and economic activity that affect many countries and require action to be take at a global level.
-Climate change
-Conflict and mass migration
-Increased world trade (global distribution and marketing of tobacco, e-cigarette products and processed foods)
-Tourism
-Digital technologies
Explain two strengths of NGOs aid.
NGOs bring strong connections to local communities, which means trust has often already been established
NGOs can access areas that others don’t or can’t reach, such as remote, fragile and conflict-affected areas
NGOs have comprehensive knowledge of poverty and its causes at a community level and bring expertise to the aid program