Immune to Failure
The main job of inflammation is to bring these “germ‑eating” cells to the area to help clean up.
What are phagocytes?
This organ is the “functional unit of the kidney”
What is the nephron?
This enzyme in saliva begins the digestion of carbohydrates as soon as food enters the mouth.
What is salivary amylase?
These cells contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 homologous pairs, unlike gametes which contain only 23.
What are somatic cells?
The innate immune system recognizes pathogens by detecting these molecular patterns found only on microbes.
What are PAMPs?
This 3 layer structure forms the barrier that filters plasma into Bowman’s space.
What is the glomerular filtration barrier?
These fingerlike projections in the small intestine dramatically increase surface area for absorption.
What are villi?
This gene on the Y chromosome triggers development of testes and male reproductive structures.
What is the SRY gene?
These T cells (CD4+) release cytokines like IL‑2 to activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
What are Helper T cells?
This hormone inserts aquaporins into the collecting duct, increasing water reabsorption.
What is ADH?
This stomach enzyme is secreted as pepsinogen and activated by hydrochloric acid.
What is pepsin?
These supportive cells in the seminiferous tubules nourish developing sperm and form the blood‑testis barrier.
What are Sertoli cells?
This MHC class presents antigens from infected tissue cells to CD8 cytotoxic T cells.
What is MHC Class I?
This system is activated when BP drops, leading to renin release and ultimately aldosterone secretion.
What is the renin‑angiotensin‑aldosterone system (RAAS)?
This hormone is released when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and triggers bicarbonate secretion from the pancreas.
What is secretin?
This surge of a pituitary hormone, triggered by high estrogen levels, causes ovulation around day 14 of the ovarian cycle.
What is the LH surge?
This four‑step process involves engulfing an antigen, loading it on MHC, presenting it, and activating a T cell.
What is antigen presentation?
Specialized cells in the afferent arteriole release renin in response to low BP, sympathetic stimulation, or signals from the macula densa.
What are juxtaglomerular (JG) cells?
Made from cholesterol and stored in the gallbladder, these molecules emulsify fats and are mostly reabsorbed after digestion.
What are bile salts?
Phase of the uterine cycle (days 14–28) is driven by progesterone from the corpus luteum and prepares the endometrium for implantation.
What is the secretory phase?