Unit 1
True or False: Data from an experiment can prove a hypothesis' credibility.
False: DATA DOES NOT PROVE A HYPOTHESIS, IT EITHER SUPPORTS OR DOESN'T SUPPORT
What is Lactose Intolerance?
Inability to digest the sugar Lactose due to lacking the enzyme Lactase.
What is the nucleus?
Membrane-bound control center containing DNA that regulates gene expression and cellular activities.
What is an enzyme?
A protein that catalyzes reactions when a substrate connects to an active sit.
What are two examples of pigments, and what colors on the electromagnetic spectrum do they reflect?
Cholorphyll A: Green
Carotenoids: Orange
Name three things you should have in your conclusion.
Restating hypothesis
Summary of procedure
Summary of analysis
Was the hypothesis supported?
Sources of Error
How many more electrons does Oxygen need to fill its valence shell?
2
What coined the name of a "cell"?
Cork under a microscope looks like tiny prison cells.
What is the purpose of a recognition protein and an alternative name for it?
Serve as ID tags for the cell; Glycoproteins
When do the stomata close and open? Why?
Open at night, close during day to control water loss.
Name all the Characteristics of Life.
1) All living things are made of 1+ cells
2) Displays Organization
3) Grow and Develop
4) Produce offspring
5) Respond to the Environment/Stimuli
6) Requires Energy
7) Regulate Internal Conditions
8) Evolve over time
Name all four macromolecules and what elements they contain.
Carbohydrats: CHO
Lipids: CHO
Proteins: CHONS
Nucleic Acids: CHONP
True or False: In a viral infection, the organism as a whole gets sick.
False: Only parts/certain cell groups
Diffusion goes from __________ to __________ and a higher concentration leads to a _________ diffusion rate.
High; Low; Higher
How are H+ ion pumped across the thylakoid membrane during chemiosmosis? In what energy carrier do they end up in?
As electrons go through the ETC, the released energy pumped H+ ions across the membrane, and they eventually end up in ATP after going through ATP Synthase.
Define double-blind trials and describe when they may be used. Which group is the placebo given to?
Definition: Researchers or the subjects do not know which group they, or the subjects are in
Purpose: To remove bias
Given to control group.
Why is carbon the backbone all organic molecules?
4 electrons with 4 in valence shell. Can make 4 covalent bonds. Life’s molecular diversity is based on carbon properties, like how it can form many rings and large chains. Carbon creates isomers.
1) All living organisms composed of 1+ cells
2) A cell is the most basic unit of life
3) Cells come from pre-existing cells
If a cell had a 80% water solution on the outside, and 75% water solution on the inside, where will the water go and what state will the cell be in if the cell is impermeable to solute?
Inside the cell; Hypotonic
What are the reactants and products of the Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle?
Light Reactions: (Reactants - H2O, NADP+, ADP + P, Sunlight) (Products: O2 (waste), NADPH, ATP)
Calvin Cycle: (Reactants - RuBP, 3 CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH) (Products: 1 Glucose, RuBP, 9 ADP, 6 NADP+)
Fill in the blank: Correlation does not equal _____________.
Explain why.
Blank: Causation
A correlation between the outcome and the factor doesn’t always mean the factor is the reason why the outcome happened. If someone got a fever after taking an experimental pill, but no one else in the experimental group got a fever, this means that the pill may not have caused the sickness: the two events just occured simoultaneously.
What are the polar functional groups?
Which are nonpolar?
Polar: Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Phosphate
Nonpolar: Methyl Groups
Who was Matthias Schleiden? What did he do?
German botanist, concluded plants are made of cells and extended Cell Theory to them.
A freshwater Paramecium contains contractile vacuoles in its body, which expel water from the cell. Why is this critical?
Because it lives in a hypotonic environment - as there is more solute inside than outside the organism - and must expel water to maintain homeostasis.
What are the reactants and products of Glycolysis, Bridge Reactions, Krebs Cycle, and ETC?
Glycolysis: (Reactants: 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NADP+) (Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ADP, 4 ATP, 2 NADH)
Bridge Reactions: (Reactants: 2 Pyruvate, 2 NAD+) (Products: 2 acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2)
Krebs Cycle (Reactants: 2 acetyl CoA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP) (Products: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP)
ETC: (Reactants: ADP + P, NADH, FADH2, 1/2 O2) (Products: 28-32 ATP, H2O)