Alcohols
Hydroxy group
What is the functional group present in alcohols?
UV Radiation
What type of radiation can break bonds within molecules and cause skin damage?
Amino acids
What are the building blocks of proteins?
An increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio
What is oxidation in the context of carbon compounds?
Fatty acids and glycerol
What is produced when edible fats are hydrolysed?
Primary alcohol
How would you classify an alcohol with one hydroxyl group attached to a carbon chain?
Highly reactive atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons.
What are free radicals
Peptide link
What type of link forms between amino acids during protein synthesis?
They are oxidised to aldehydes and then to carboxylic acids.
What happens to primary alcohols when oxidised?
Soap ions have hydrophobic tails that dissolve in oil and hydrophilic heads that remain in water.
How do soaps work to remove grease?
Diols
What is the name given to alcohols containing two hydroxyl groups?
Terpenes
Name a common type of compound found in essential oils that contributes to their aroma.
Denatures
What is the term for a protein's change in shape due to heat?
Aldehydes can be oxidised to carboxylic acids; ketones cannot.
How can you differentiate between an aldehyde and a ketone using oxidising agents?
Esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids
What is the main component of edible oils?
CH₃-CHOH-CH₂-CH₃
What is the structural formula for 2-butanol?
They react with free radicals to prevent chain reactions.
What is the role of free radical scavengers in skincare products?
must be obtained from the diet
What is an essential amino acids?
Orange to green
What color change occurs in dichromate solution when it reacts with an aldehyde?
Condensation reaction
What type of reaction occurs when an ester is formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
C₅H₁₂O
Write the molecular formula for a straight-chain alcohol with five carbon atoms.
Initiation, propagation, and termination.
What are the steps involved in a free radical chain reaction?
They speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
Explain how enzymes function as biological catalysts.
They prevent unwanted oxidation reactions from occurring.
What is the effect of antioxidants on oxidation reactions?
Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, affecting their physical properties.
Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.