The Renaissance and Reformation
True or False: Christian humanists sought to create a fusion of classical and Christian cultures, to reform the Church
True
How did Europeans alter the Indian Ocean trade?
They attempted to control the shipping lanes and trade cities by force.
What countries adopted absolutism?
Spain, Germany, France, and Austria
What is a contributing factor for the Scientific Revolution occurring in Europe?
Improvements in the education and training of the clergy mandated
What inspired the Renaissance?
The study of Greek and Roman literature.
The patronage of wealthy and ambitious merchants who viewed life as an opportunity for pleasure.
A self-conscious intellectual movement and the realization something new and unique was occurring.
What are some of the primary reasons for Europeans to undertake voyages of expansion?
-Growing demand for luxury goods from the East.
-Lack of economic opportunities within Europe.
-The growth of state power and alliances between rulers and merchants.
-A desire to spread the influence of Christianity and combat Islam.
Name at least three European crises of the seventeenth century.
social and political unrest, Wars of religion, economic decline
Who insisted that new knowledge must be gained through inductive reasoning and empirical evidence?
Bacon
What ideas and attitudes were supported by humanism?
It supported the philosophy that human nature and achievements are worthy
What resulted from Columbus’ discovery of the Western Hemisphere?
-The beginning of Spanish colonization of the Americas.
-The enslavement of the indigenous peoples.
-The conversion of indigenous people to Christianity.
What are the ways Peter the Great increased the power of the Russian absolutist monarch?
-He created a bureaucratic system based on merit.
- He created schools that taught modern technical skills.
-He built a Western-style capital city.
Which is a reason for the rise and spread of the Enlightenment?
Attempts to reconcile faith and reason and promote religious toleration.
What were the primary causes of the Protestant Reformation?
Church corruption had undermined their moral authority.
How did the Mongol conquest of Eurasia affect world history?
-The Mongols’ expansion of the trans-Eurasian trade led a massive exchange of knowledge between Eastern and Western societies.
-Southern European cities, especially Venice, were enriched by the expansion of the eastern trade and set an example that was imitated by the emerging powers of western Europe.
-The two great superpowers of China and India were further enriched by the trade and Europeans acquired the means to achieve eventual world dominance.
What is mercantilism and capitalism and who did they benefit?
-System of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state.
-Generated tremendous revenue for merchants, financiers, and most especially the monarchy.
-Paid for the rise of absolutism.
-Led to hostile competition and outright warfare between European states over their colonial possessions.
How did the Scientific Revolution alter the way people understood the universe?
-These developments emerged because many more people studied the natural world, using new methods to answer fundamental questions about the universe and how it operated
-Knowledge should be acquired by observation and experimentation and that mathematics could be used to understand and represent the workings of the physical world.