Spanish Exploration and Settlement
In 1691, Spain reorganized its northern colonial holdings and made this region a separate Spanish province, appointing Don Domingo de Terán as its governor.
What is Texas?
In 1859, expanding cigar factories in Florida, Louisiana, and New York attracted large numbers of working class migrants from this Caribbean island to the United States.
What is Cuba?
When it entered the Union in 1912, this state adopted an official bilingual framework, authorizing both Spanish and English in government business, voting, and education.
What is New Mexico?
In 1928, this politician from New Mexico became the first Latino elected to serve in the United States Senate, marking an early milestone in national political representation.
Who is Octaviano Larrazolo?
In 1951, the funeral dispute involving this Latino soldier, who was denied burial in a Texas cemetery after dying in war, became a major symbol of anti-Mexican discrimination in the United States.
Who is Private Felix Z. Longoria?
In 1692, this Spanish explorer led an expedition into the Guadalupe Mountains in search of valuable salt deposits, becoming the first non-Indigenous person recorded in that area.
Who is Diego de Vargas?
In 1903, more than 1,200 Mexican and Japanese laborers in Oxnard, California created this pioneering organization, the first farmworker union to successfully win a strike against California’s agricultural industry.
What is the Japanese Mexican Labor Association (JMLA)?
In 1914, the Colorado militia attacked striking coal miners in this violent labor conflict, where many of those killed were Mexican Americans, including women and children.
What is the Ludlow Massacre?
In 1932, this Spanish Sephardic legal scholar and judge became the first Latino appointed to the United States Supreme Court.
Who is Benjamin Nathan Cardozo?
In 1963, Miami’s Coral Way Elementary launched the nation’s first public school program of this kind, teaching students in both Spanish and English.
What is bilingual education?
While the eastern colonies marked the adoption of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the Spanish in the West celebrated the founding of this important Pacific settlement.
What is San Francisco?
This labor organizer from San Antonio, active in radical labor politics, helped found the Industrial Workers of the World in 1905 and became an important figure in working class activism.
Who is Lucy Gonzales Parsons?
Beginning in 1932 during the Great Depression, the U.S. government forcibly removed hundreds of thousands of Mexicans and Mexican Americans in a campaign historians often call Mexican
What is Repatriation?
In 1970, this New York politician achieved a historic breakthrough by becoming the first Puerto Rican elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.
Who is Herman Badillo?
In 1968–1969, Puerto Rican youth in Chicago formed this activist organization, inspired partly by the Black Panthers, to address inadequate housing, poor schools, and community neglect.
What is the Young Lords Organization?
In 1853, Antonio López de Santa Anna sold territory between Yuma, Arizona, and the Mesilla Valley of New Mexico to the United States in this major land agreement that helped shape the modern Southwest.
What is the Gadsden Purchase?
In 1931, cigar workers in Ybor City, Florida walked out after factory owners tried to replace these cultural workers, who traditionally read newspapers, books, and political texts aloud during the workday.
Who are the lectores?
Founded in 1938 by Luisa Moreno and led by Josefina Fierro de Bright, this organization represented the first national effort to unite Latino workers from Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban communities.
What is El Congreso del Pueblo de Habla Española?
In 1975, this Miami political leader became the first Puerto Rican to serve as mayor of a major mainland city in the United States.
Who is Maurice Ferré?
In 1999, residents of Puerto Rico, joined by civil rights activists, organized mass nonviolent protests against U.S. Navy bombing exercises on this island municipality.
What is Vieques?
In 1833, the Mexican government attempted to reduce the social and political influence of this institution by secularizing its missions and breaking up its landholdings.
What is the Catholic Church?
In 1933, Latino unions in California led this major agricultural strike to protest falling wages for strawberry pickers, eventually securing a better pay settlement from growers.
What is the El Monte Strike?
From 1953 to 1958, this federal deportation campaign targeted millions of people of Mexican descent, including undocumented workers as well as some political activists and community leaders.
What is Operation Wetback?
In 1988, President Ronald Reagan appointed this educator and university leader as Secretary of Education, making him the first Latino to hold a position in a presidential cabinet.
Who is Dr. Lauro Cavazos?
In 2008, this Miami landmark was designated a National Historic Landmark because it had served as a major reception center for Cuban refugees and became known as the “Ellis Island of the South.”
What is the Freedom Tower?