Chicano
Where was the first national Chicano Conference?
Denver
Who supported immigration reform?
Pres. Reagen, Rep. Romano Mazzoli, and Sen. Alan Simpson
What was operation bootstrap (Operación Manos a la Obra)?
It would allow Puerto Rico to become a modern and independent economy.
What was important about East Harlem?
The area where most of the Latino community lived during the time of the massive migration of Puerto Ricans
In what ways did the American government help this movement?
Robert F Kennedy backed Cesar Chavez and his movement. When they were asked how RFK could help, he ended up endorsing and joining them.
What issues were students protesting?
Eurocentric curriculums, high dropout rates among Chicano students, a ban on speaking Spanish
What was the reason for immigration reform?
To control illegal immigration into the United States
How many people left Puerto Rico for operation bootstrap?
At least 1 million people would leave the island.
What were the rent parties?
Hosted parties to raise money to pay for rent.
When and how did the Bracero Program end?
December 31, 1964, because the government saw that the program was unjust and that these people were suffering for low wages and hospitality.
What act was passed in 1974 to help implement the bilingual curriculum in schools?
Equal Opportunity Act of 1974
What were the successes?
The hiring process was more organized.
How were Puerto Ricans treated despite their racial background?
Poorly, often told to go back to their country.
Cuban Pete (Pedro Aguilar) was best known as a dancer, but what type of symbol did he praise during this time?
He advocated for the community and made it clear Puerto Ricans deserved respected like everyone else in New York during the time.
Why was the symbol of brown skin Mary very important to the movement?
Many of the Hispanics that were higher class were white-Latinos. Most of the movement were brown-skinned Latinos and it made them feel important and able to rise up.
What was the first organization created to help protect Hispanic civil rights?
Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund
What were the failures?
Employers just had to believe that paperwork for their employees was real, therefore many undocumented worked still came in and got work. Also hired employers through different organizations
Why did the US want to take over Puerto Rico?
They wanted the sugar
Although serving during the Korean war, what issues were there for Joe Sanabria?
He, along aside with others, were treated just as bad as the African Americans of the United States during this time.
How did the Bracero Program interfere with the progress of migrant farmers?
The Latinos that were left behind during WW2 would be left to work in fields for low pay because many people were desperate for money.
Name two important student groups in the Hispanic movement?
United Mexican American Students and the Mexican American Youth Association
What were the main provisions of the bill and the mechanisms instilled to carry out the goals of the Simpson-Mazzoli Bill?
- Requiring employers to stipulate that their employees had legal immigration status.
- Making it illegal for an employer to knowingly hire an illegal immigrant.
- Creating a guest worker plan for certain seasonal agricultural workers.
- Increasing enforcement personnel on the U.S. borders.
- Legalizing the illegal immigrants who entered the country before Jan. 1, 1982 and had been U.S. residents continuously since then, in exchange for back taxes, fines, and admission of entering the country illegally.
Who was Juanita Sanabria?
Was a legal immigrant that went to the US under the bootstrap operation.
Although being able to be an independent country, who controlled Puerto Rico?
The first country that ran or invaded Puerto Rico, were the Spanish, during the 1800s, then the United States came and took control during the early 1900s.
Who formed The National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) and what did they achieve?
Dolores Huerta and Cesar Chavez. The NFWA is the predecessor of the UFW, and later became the United Farm Workers of America. They fought for a higher wage, medical protection, and adequate living conditions. They also got the attention of the SNCC which helped them through the movement.