"Doing" History
A first-hand account or experience
This migration theory suggests that the first humans to reach the Americas crossed a land bridge connecting Asia and North America.
What is the Bering Land Bridge Theory?
This elaborate ceremonial practice, often associated with the Northwest Pacific Coast peoples, was a display of wealth and social status. What is the name of this ceremony?
What is the potlatch ceremony?
What was the role of Jesuit missionaries in North America?
Jesuit missionaries were members of the Catholic religious order known as the Society of Jesus. They were some of the first explorers to N.America, who came to establish missions and learn indigenous languages, facilitating cultural exchange and the spread of Christianity among indigenous communities in North America.
The fur trade played a significant role in New France's economy. What valuable fur-bearing animal was highly sought after during this era?
This term describes the practice of historians studying historians.
What is historiography?
Name one significant impact of the Little Ice Age on agriculture in North America.
What is shorter growing seasons or crop failures?
Some Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Nations engaged in these conflicts, often as a response to the loss of community members due to conflict or disease.
What were mourning war raids?
John Cabot, an Italian explorer sailing under the English flag, is known for making a historic voyage in 1497 to the eastern coast of North America. What raw material did he discover, which quickly led to an international trade?
John Cabot is associated with discovering the rich fishing grounds (cod) off the coast of Newfoundland and the Grand Banks.
Name one of the prominent Indigenous groups with whom the French engaged in the fur trade in New France.
Who are the Wendat/Huron and Wendat Confederacy.
This era is characterized by the absence of written records and is often associated with the time before the arrival of Europeans in North America.
What is the pre-historic era.
This early French explorer in Canada faced harsh winters and challenges due to the Little Ice Age.
Who is Jacques Cartier?
Prior to European contact, First Nations in what is now Canada had complex societies with various cultural practices and languages. Name one physiographic region in pre-contact Canada known for its specific Indigenous culture and traditions.
What is Canadian Shield, Western Cordiellera, Arctic, Subarctic, Great Lakes, Atlantic
This early European explorer established the first French settlement in Canada at Quebec City in the early 17th century, marking the beginning of extensive contact between Europeans and Indigenous peoples.
Who is Samuel de Champlain?
This colony of New France was originally created as a mission for Indigenous peoples in 1642, in the same location as the pre-contact village called Hochelaga.
What is Montreal.
This ancient system of communication, used by Indigenous peoples in pre-contact societies, consisted of symbols and images used to convey information. What is it called?
What are petroglyphs?
This alternative migration theory proposes that early humans traveled to the Americas by boat, along the coastlines.
What is the Coastal Migration Theory?
Before European contact, some First Nations in Canada were matrilineal, with descent and inheritance traced through the mother's line. Provide the name of one First Nations community that practiced matrilineality.
What are the Five/Six Nations Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), Haida, or Gitxsan nations, among others?
How did the relationship between Indigenous peoples and European newcomers change over time, betwee the 15th and the 18th centuries?
What was once a reciprocal relationship based on trade exchange changed after European explorers began to exploit the land and resources, and operate against the wishes of Indigenous peoples.
In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht had significant consequences for Acadia. What did the Treaty of Utrecht stipulate regarding Acadia, and how did it impact the region's future?
The Treaty of Utrecht stipulated that Acadia, including mainland Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, was ceded to Great Britain. However, the treaty did not clearly define the boundaries of Acadian territory, leading to disputes and conflicts between the French and English. The lack of a clear definition would later contribute to the Acadian Expulsion in the mid-18th century.
What is the name of the indigenous tradition where stories, histories, and knowledge were passed down through generations without a written record?
What is Oral Tradition?
Indigenous Peoples hold a unique perspective on migration theories. What fundamental belief among Indigenous communities challenges the idea of specific migration theories, emphasizing their continuous presence in North America?
What is the Indigenous principle of "inherent Indigenous presence," which asserts that Indigenous Peoples have lived on this land since time immemorial, negating the need for specific migration theories?
This pre-contact Indigenous civilization, centered in modern-day Ontario and Quebec, is known for its impressive longhouses, agricultural practices, and the Great Law of Peace. What is the name of this ancient Indigenous culture and what are they known for?
Who are the Iroquoian people (specifically, the Haudenosaunee), known for their longhouses, the "Great Law of Peace," and the cultivation of the "Three Sisters" crops (corn, beans, and squash)?
Known for the Five Nations Confederacy
The concept of "first contact" is complex, with various cultures and peoples interacting across history. What is the significance of examining multiple "first contacts" in North America from different cultures and time periods?
The significance is that it underscores the complexity of history, challenges Eurocentric views, and highlights the importance of considering multiple perspectives and interactions in the history of North America.
The coureurs des bois and voyageurs were essential figures in the fur trade. Explain the roles of these individuals in the fur trade system.
The coureurs des bois were independent fur traders who ventured into the interior (the North Country) to trade with Indigenous peoples, often without official licenses. Voyageurs, on the other hand, were laborers who transported goods by canoe, playing a crucial role in the transportation of furs and supplies in the fur trade system.