War
English Catholic plot orchestrated by Guy Faux to blow up Parliament and prop of 8yr/old princess Elizabeth -- discovered hours before detonation and resulting laws made life difficult for Catholics
Gunpowder Plot
Alliance formed by Irish Catholics during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Wanted to govern Ireland independently from English rule, asserting Catholic rights, and addressing land rights problems
Confederation of Kilkenny
Disease infecting #1 food crop in Ireland. Despite this disease, England continued to force Ireland to export their crops, leading to massive starvation and death-- Ireland's population has never recovered, and many at the time left to the US, Australia, and Canada
Potato Blight
Leader of New Model Army; Parliamentarian, won several battles against Royalists during English Civil War and executed Charles I. Established the Commonwealth of England-- dissolved Rump Parliament and assumed power as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland
Oliver Cromwell
Overthrew King James II and allowed William III and Mary II to take throne. Bloodless (ish) and turned England back to Protestant. Stuarts out of England for good.
Glorious Revolution
Major uprising in Scotland to put Bonnie Prince Charlie, a Catholic on the English throne. Success at Prestonpans but loss at Battle of Culloden -- ended in dismantling of Highland culture and clan system
(you should watch outlander)
The '45
Laws were designed to ensure that public officials were members of the Church of England under Charles II's government. Excluded Catholics from civil/military office, must take oath of allegiance and supremacy, declare against transubstantiation (communion is not divine)
Test Acts
English made collecting rents harder for Ulster lords and took 1/4 of lands for plantation schemes. O'Neill, O'Donnell and other Ulster lords fleeing to safe areas (Spain) to get aid and shelter-- travel around Europe to tell their David/Goliath story against the English, but never get money for rebellion-- allow England to populate Irish land
Flight of the Earls
Had been raised in English/Protestant Pale-- outwardly good relationship with English government. Lord Protector of Ulster job not given to him, so he declared loyalty for Ireland and planned a large scale rebellion with Ulster lords-- 9 years War
Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone
English sought to set these up repeatedly in Ulster area to settle the area as English and make it more Protestant
Plantations
Large force led by Catholic Phillip II of Spain after Elizabeth I refused to marry him. Elizabeth assisted Dutch rebels against the Spanish, leading Phillip to try to invade England -- this group of ships wrecked in a bad storm, its soldiers sick and malnourished because Francis Drake destroyed supplies. Defeat of this force proved to English Protestants that God was on their side.
Spanish Armada
Irish Parliament 1782-83, influenced by Henry Grattan to get Irish legislative independence. Wanted to repeal Poynings Law. Inspired by the American Revolution. Declatory Act=declared that British parliament would not make laws for Ireland. Catholics were free to worship and didn't have to pay tithe-- England/Scotland viewed Ireland as semi-independent Catholic state.
Patriot Parliament
Catholic lords asked for these things in exchange for loyalty to English and giving 120,000 pounds (stop taking 1/4 of land, allow participation in government, want fines removed for not attending Anglican mass, and want Oath of Supremacy relaxed)
Charles promised to pass law, but didn't-- just took the money
The Graces
Supporters of 'Jacobus' the latin form of James, the deposed Stuart King James II and his descendants. Several uprisings in Ireland and Scotland--(the '15 and The Forty Five with Bonnie Prince Charlie)
The Forty Five ended in a crackdown of Scottish culture and English dominance
Jacobites
Period of absolute rule by Charles I-- avoided calling Parliament for many years and got creative about making money. Modified existing taxes (ship money tax now yearly) and enforced religious conformity and plantations in Ireland to ensure protestant rule
11 year tyranny
Revolutionary military force created by Parliamentarians during the English Civil War -- defeated Royalist forces loyal to King Charles I
Full time, professional soldiers, officers based on merit rather than status, led by Oliver Cromwell
New Model Army
Documents which outlined Charles II's terms for reclaiming the English throne and restore the monarchy. Granted amnesty to opps of monarchy, respected property rights, promised freedom of religion (did not work), and assured New Model Army soldiers would get pay. Helped stabilize England politically.
Protestant-Anglo-Irish elite held contol over politics, economy and life in Ireland; marginalized Catholic majority. Solidified after defeat of James II by William III at the Battle of the Boyne and Treaty of Limerick
Maintained through Penal Laws to suppress Catholicism and Presbytarians
Protestant Ascendency
Prominent Irish political leader who advocated for Catholic emancipation and Irish national identity. Known as "The Liberator", founded Catholic association; secured catholics rights to sit in Parliament and hold public office
Daniel O'Connell
First combined Scotland and England to form Great Britain, then added Ireland
leading Irish nationalist and revolutionary figure, a co-founder of the Society of United Irishmen in 1791, which sought to end British rule in Ireland and unite Catholics and Protestants. 1798 Rebellion, attempting to overthrow British control and establish an independent Irish Republic but failed. Tone's efforts made him a key figure in Irish nationalism, inspiring future movements for Irish independence.
Wolfe Tone
Act of Settlement 1701 worked to resolve succession issues and prevent Catholic monarchs from throne. Death of Queen Anne led to George I, Great-Grandson of James I and Protestant to ascend the throne.
Hanoverian Succession
After the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell tried to subdue royalist supporters in Ireland. Laws were designed to confiscate and redistribute land from Irish Catholics to Protestants who favored Parliament and Cromwell. Displaced and led to deaths of Irish. Later act sought to reverse some of these problems, but did not work fully
Act of Settlements 1652 and 1662
British official that managed response to Irish Potato famine-- enforced minimal government intervention, believing the free market would fix things. Led to massive death toll
Charles Trevelyan
series of discriminatory laws in Ireland to disenfranchise Catholics to enforce the Protestant Ascendency
Land Ownership restrictions, barred Catholics from holding public office, and prohibited Catholic schools and worship
Penal Laws