Enlightenment Thinkers
This economist's theory of free markets and minimal government intervention laid the foundation for modern capitalism.
Who is Adam Smith?
Enlightenment thinkers emphasized this as the source of knowledge, in contrast to religious teachings.
What is reason?
In the 18th century, this method was often used to treat individuals with mental illnesses, which was based on the idea of a humoural imbalance.
What is bloodletting?
What is the guillotine?
Napoleon's disastrous invasion of this country in 1812 led to the destruction of most of his Grande Armée.
What is Russia?
This thinker’s concept of the social contract where the legitimacy of government comes from the consent of the governed.
Who is (Jean-Jacques) Rousseau?
In most European countries, religion helped maintain this political system, which concentrated power in the hands of a single ruler.
What is monarchy?
What is absolute monarchy?
This important public health measure, initiated in Russia by Catherine the Great in the 18th century, helped reduce smallpox deaths significantly.
What is inoculation?
This group assumed control of much of the French government in April 1793 after the execution of Louis XVI.
What is the Committee of Public Safety?
This battle in 1815 marked the final defeat of Napoleon and led to his exile to Saint Helena.
What is the Battle of Waterloo?
This philosopher, known for his criticism of organized religion, was a staunch advocate for the separation of church and state.
Who is Voltaire?
The attempted prosecution of this family after the death of the daughter Elisabeth demonstrated the widespread religious intolerance in France.
Who are the Sirvens?
In eighteenth-century Europe, people often viewed mental illness as a result of this, leading to spiritual or religious interventions such as exorcisms.
What demonic possession or spiritual failing?
This leader of the Jacobins became one of the most powerful figures in revolutionary France during the Reign of Terror.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
This 1805 battle, often regarded as one of Napoleon's greatest victories, involved the strategy of luring Russian and Prussian forces onto a frozen lake and unleashing an artillery barrage to break the ice.
What is the Battle of Austerlitz?
This thinker asserted that citizens have the right to overthrow a government that violates their natural rights.
Who is John Locke?
In Catholicism, this term refers to the literal transformation of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ during communion. Protestants consider communion is a symbolic act and do not believe in it.
What is transubstantiation?
By the end of the 18th century, this approach to medicine, which emphasized observation, experimentation, and evidence, began to displace older theories like humoural balance.
What is the scientific method?
This was the name given to the period following the Reign of Terror when a backlash against radical revolutionaries, such as the Jacobins, occurred.
What is the Thermidorian Reaction?
This battle in 1813, forced Napoleon's abdication and his first exile to the island of Elba.
What is the Battle of Leipzig/Battle of Nations?
This thinker was a strong advocate for the separation of powers in government and the system of checks and balances.
Who is Montesquieu?
During the eighteenth century, religious orders played a significant role in providing these two essential services to the population
What are healthcare and education?
The move toward professionalizing medicine in the 18th century led to the establishment of these two institutions for training doctors.
What are medical schools and hospitals?
This decree passed on 17 September 1793 allowed for the mass arrest of suspected counter-revolutionaries.
What is the Law of Suspects?
In 1797, Napoleon created this republic in northern Italy as a French satellite state.
What is the Cisalpine Republic?