Truly Textbook
What did the Muslim scholar Averroës help to popularize?
What is Aristotle's reasoning?
This alliance fought for Italian independence from Germany
What is the Lombard League?
The Golden Bull of 1356 made these positions herditary
What are electors of the Holy Roman Empire?
The country of Spain was born out of the marriage of these monarchs
Disease was the primary cause of destruction to this population
What is the native population of the Americas?
This man wrote that "it is better to be feared than loved, if one cannot be both"
Who is Macchiavelli, the author of The Prince?
What is the Western world's center of learning?
Pilgrims traveling to sacred places were protected by these
What are military monastic orders?
Internal autonomy in German states resulted from this treaty
What is the Peace of Westphalia?
General Baibars stopped these events in the Middle East
What are Mongol conquests?
Christian historians regarded this man as God's Chosen One
Who is Constantine?
Viking conquerors relied on Christianity to build these in Scandinavia
What are centralized kingdoms?
Forgiveness of sins and new lands were two primary benefits gained by these people
Who are the Crusaders?
Cannons and firearms helped this army conquer Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Hungary
What is the Ottoman Empire?
This philosopher argued for the equal importance of faith and reason
Who is Thomas Aquinas?
This man's ideas of personal morality and rationality undermined traditional paganism
Who is Origen?
This Byzantine system of provincial defense relied on military landowners
What is the Theme System?
What is the Ottoman Empire?
Humanist scholarship, availability of the Bible, the printing press, and political opportunities for kings and nobles helped this to succeed
What is the Protestant Reformation?
To give the church power over the state was the primary objective of these people
Who are the Cluny Reformers?
These were built to display the wealth of the Catholic church and portray religious symbolism
What are Gothic cathedrals?
Consent for new taxes, a fair and speedy trial, and protection of property were all rights granted by this document
What is the Magna Carta?
The Black Death, revolts of peasants, new social classes, and decline of the Church undermined this in the 14th century
What is the medieval social order
Freedom of conscience, open worship in Huguenot lands, the right to fortify and defend their lands, and mixed tribunals for Protestants were granted to French Protestants by this document
What is the Edict of Nantes?
The Papal Schism, Avignon Papacy, Conciliar Movement, and intellectual attacks all contributed to this occurrence in the Middle Ages
What is the decline of the Church?