Asia
This philosophy emphasizes filial piety and hierarchical relationships, and became the ideological foundation of the Han Dynasty.
What is Confucianism?
This 2010–2012 wave of protests and uprisings across the Arab world was driven by demands for democracy, economic opportunity, and an end to authoritarianism.
What is the Arab Spring?
This 14th-century pandemic killed an estimated one-third of Europe’s population and led to long-term labor and social shifts.
What is the Black Death (or Bubonic Plague)?
This complex exchange of crops, animals, diseases, and peoples transformed the economies and environments of both the Old and New Worlds.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
This city was where Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804 and where his final defeat was commemorated in 1815.
What is Paris?
This 19th-century Japanese reform movement, which followed the fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate, aimed to modernize and industrialize under imperial rule.
What is the Meiji Restoration?
This Iranian leader nationalized the oil industry in 1951, angering Britain and eventually being overthrown in a CIA-backed coup.
Who is Mohammad Mossadegh?
This 19th-century social theory applied Darwinian concepts to human societies and was used to justify imperialism and class inequality.
What is Social Darwinism?
This cash crop, first cultivated on Caribbean plantations, became central to the transatlantic slave trade and colonial economies.
What is sugar?
This West African city flourished under the Mali Empire and became renowned for its Islamic scholarship and manuscript libraries.
What is Timbuktu?
This syncretic religion in South Asia drew from both Hindu and Muslim traditions and was founded by Guru Nanak in the 15th century.
What is Sikhism?
This Persianate Shia empire frequently clashed with the Sunni Ottomans and used Twelver Shiism to unify its diverse subjects.
What is the Safavid Empire?
This early form of joint-stock trading company enabled Dutch dominance in Indian Ocean commerce in the 17th century.
What is the Dutch East India Company (VOC)?
This Spanish conquistador led the conquest of the Aztec Empire with the help of indigenous allies and disease.
Who is Hernán Cortés?
This city served as the capital of the Byzantine Empire and was a key hub of Eurasian trade until its fall to the Ottomans in 1453.
What is Constantinople?
Unlike the Ottomans and Safavids, this Asian land empire relied more heavily on a revenue collection system called the zamindari to fund its military and administration.
What is the Mughal Empire?
This Islamic dynasty ruled much of North Africa and the Middle East from Cairo and was known for defending the region against the Crusaders and Mongols.
What is the Mamluk Sultanate?
This 17th-century economic policy emphasized accumulating precious metals through exports and colonial control.
What is mercantilism?
This enslaved man led a successful revolution in Saint-Domingue, ultimately resulting in the first Black republic in the Western Hemisphere.
Who is Toussaint Louverture?
This city became a center of learning during the Abbasid Golden Age, housing the House of Wisdom and preserving Greco-Roman texts.
What is Baghdad?
This agreement between Britain and China in 1842 ended the First Opium War and ceded Hong Kong to British control.
What is the Treaty of Nanjing?
This agreement, signed during World War I between Britain and France, secretly planned the division of Ottoman lands in the Middle East after the war.
What is the Sykes-Picot Agreement?
This Enlightenment philosopher proposed a model of government with three separate branches and checks and balances, influencing liberal revolutions.
Who is Montesquieu?
This labor obligation system in the Inca Empire required subjects to contribute to state projects like road construction.
What is the mita system?
Once the capital of the Aztec Empire, this city was described by Spanish conquistadors as more impressive than anything in Europe.
What is Tenochtitlan?