The model of linguistic change that illustrates genetic relationships among languages.
What is the family tree model?
100
The term for an internal-reconstructed form.
What is a pre-form?
100
The term for overt word order and morphological marking, in syntax.
What is surface structure?
100
ONE early proposed theory/causal factor of language change that has since been discounted.
Varies. Answers may include climate, race/ethnicity, etiquette/social conventions, laziness, social climbing, etc.
100
What languages in a linguistic area have in common.
What is shared traits?
200
The kind of sound change that should be used as evidence for subgrouping languages within a family.
What are shared innovations?
200
The items we compare when using internal reconstruction (as opposed to the comparative method).
What are allomorphs of a single morpheme?
200
The mechanism of syntactic change in which the surface structure remains the same, but the underlying structure changes.
What is reanalysis?
200
Prescriptive grammar is an example of *this type* of causal factor of change.
What is an external factor?
200
The mechanism of language change that defines a linguistic area.
What is borrowing?
300
The model of linguistic change that relies heavily on word etymology.
What is wave theory?
300
The kind of language for which we must use internal reconstruction (and not the comparative method).
What is a language isolate?
300
When the syntactic changes of reanalysis and extension occur together, *this one* comes first.
What is reanalysis?
300
The history of the word "bunny" is an example of *this type* of causal factor of linguistic change.
What is avoidance of homophony/internal causal factor?
300
ONE factor (there are several) that must be ruled out in order to provide evidence of a linguistic area.
Varies. Answers may include genetic relationships, chance, language universals.
400
A study in which the speech of two different generations are examined side-by-side, to provide evidence of language change.
What is an apparent-time study?
400
The kind of sound changes that can be recovered using internal reconstruction.
What are conditioned sound changes?
400
According to some linguists, the synchronic necessity before syntactic borrowing can take place.
What is variation in the grammar?
400
Our current capability to predict when, where and how language will change.
What is none?
400
A single shared trait that may be considered strong evidence for a linguistic area.
What is a change/borrowing of basic word order?
500
TWO problems with glottochronology.
Varies. Answers may include faulty assumptions re the Swadesh list, constant rate of retention, constant rate of loss, date of divurgence, use as a primary tool, use for "proving" genetic relationships, etc.
500
The danger of using internal reconstruction before doing a comparative reconstruction.
What is the possibility of reconstructing before sound alternations that existed in the proto-language?
500
The TWO aspects of syntactic change included in the term "grammaticalization".
What is semantic bleaching and phonological reduction?
500
The main causal factor involved in the Caribbean Spanish compensation of coda /s/ loss with overt subject pronouns.
What is the perceptual/cognitive (internal) factor?
500
Postposed articles are a shared trait of *this* linguistic area.