Test 1
Mohenjo-Daro was the largest settlement of which civilization?
Ancient Indus River Valley Civilization
What was the political and civic center with temples and public buildings in the center of ancient Rome called?
The Roman Forum
Where was the first democracy in the world formed?
In Ancient Greece
Is Buddhism a monotheistic religion?
No, they do not believe in any god.
What are aristocrats and wealthy landowners in ancient Rome called, and what are common citizens of ancient Rome called?
Patricians and Plebeians
What is the purpose of law codes?
They establish the rule of law by defining criminal acts and punishing violators.
What was the Pax Romana?
It was a period of peace of expansion for the Roman Empire that started with Augustus (Octavius) and lasted for over 200 years.
Many Greek city-states had fortified hilltops where temples and palaces were built on and that were called what?
Acropolis
Where is did the Christian religion originate?
Judea, present-day Israel
Socrates and Plato were famous philosophers of which civilization?
Ancient Greece
What was the name of the largest building in Mesopotamian cities and what was the purpose?
Ziggurats were the largest buildings and they were temples.
What does the shape of the Egyptian pyramids represent?
The shape follows the descending rays of the sun and represents the path to afterlife for the entombed pharaoh.
What are helots?
Slaves that provided agricultural labor in Sparta.
What city did Muhammad flee to in order to escape persecution in Mecca?
Medina
What is the name of the most important mosque in the religion of Islam and where is it located?
Kaaba in Mecca
What are the three components of social stratification?
Wealth, prestige, and power
How did the Roman Empire treat the people they conquered?
Romans were generous towards the conquered people by giving them certain rights and later even citizenship.
What is the title of Plato’s most famous book?
The Republic
What is Hajj?
The spiritual gathering of Muslims during their pilgrimage to Mecca.
What did the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and Indus River Valley have in common?
They were located in fertile river valleys, created agricultural surpluses, and had specialization of labor.
How did the increasing development of technology affect social stratification?
In hunting and gathering societies there is little social stratification since nobody is better off due to the use of only simple technologies that are available to everyone equally. Agricultural societies have more advanced technology and can create surpluses in resources. People do not have to spend all their time growing food and can specialize into different jobs. A social class structure will emerge with different social layers due to the specialization of labor and the emergence of social injustice, with the elite on top that has all the influence and power and the workers on the bottom. Industrial societies have the most advanced technology which creates more opportunities for the workforce due to more education. Inequalities typically weaken because a better-educated workforce can participate in decision making.
Explain the Punic Wars and their effects on the rise of the Roman Empire.
The Punic Wars were wars between the Roman Republic and the powerful and expanding city-state Carthage, located in North Africa. In the First Punic War, Romans attacked the Carthage-controlled island of Sicily and won. In the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian Hannibal led his army through Spain and the Alps to Rome. He won some battles but could not take Rome. In the Third Punic War, Rome attacked Carthage, burned it to the ground, and took its empire. As a result of the Punic Wars, Rome gained a lot of land in North Africa and on the Iberian peninsula which expanded Rome’s empire significantly.
What is the goal of Confucianism and how can it be reached?
Confucianism’s goal is to create a peaceful society. A peaceful society can be reached by proper conduct, respect for elders, education, and service to the government. There are five fundamental relationships and people must know their position in every relationship and fulfill their obligations in these relationships. Those above must be kind to those below, and those below should respect and obey those above. The five relationships are ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older sibling and younger sibling, and friend and friend. The most important relationship is filial piety where children must respect and show responsibility to their parents.
What was the Protestant Reformation and who started it?
About 500 years ago, a German monk called Martin Luther protested against the Catholic Church since he disliked the indulgences that the church sold to absolve sin. Luther thought that the church has become corrupt. He wanted the church to be reformed and go back to accepting the bible as the only and ultimate authority. He believed that people can only reach salvation through their faith, not their deeds. He wrote down his thoughts in the “95 Thesis” and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church. This led to the Protestant Church splitting from the Catholic Church.
According to Buddhism, what happens when a person dies?
Buddhism believes that a person will be reborn again and again until the person reaches Nirvana. Their karma and personality will be reborn into another body. Reincarnation, which is the cycle of death and rebirth, will stop once a person reaches the state of enlightenment, called Nirvana. Nirvana can only be reached by following the Eightfold Path to give up all desires and to end suffering. A person reaches Nirvana and is released from all suffering once all greed, hatred, and delusions are extinguished.