Rise of Slave Raiding States
Name one new state that emerged in West Africa as a result of the slave trade
Ashanti, Oyo, Benin, Kongo
Name one cause of the Tupac Amaru Rebellion
Spanish Colonial Corruption: High taxes, greedy taxes
Cultural and Religious Repression of the indigenous population
Why is Shintoism integral to Japanese identity?
Shintoism is the native religion of Japan. Shintoism tells the founding myth of the Japanese people that has them as the creator of the earth and a supreme ethnic group.
Identify a similarity between resistance movements in Africa and those in the Americas
African Resistance movements and American resistance movements were both centered around opposing the growth of European power. These resistance movements also rallied around traditional culture as a way to unite different groups against Europeans.
Describe King Afonso's initial response to Europeans when they arrived in the Kongo. How did his attitude towards Europeans change over time? What made his attitude towards Europeans change?
What were Maroon Societies? How did they help slaves resist against slavery?
Describe the causes of the Ming Dynasties rise to power.
Corruption of Yuan Dynasty Gov't officials. Natural Disasters like floods and famines. Peasant revolts against the gov't all led to the Yuan Dynasty losing the Mandate of Heaven.
What made unifying Japan difficult in the Sengoku period?
Japan was broken into many feudal states ruled by competing Daimyo. The Daimyo would often fight with each other for total control over Japan, leading to a 150+ year long civil war.
How did the Ming Dynasty policies towards foreigners compare the the Tokugawa Shogunate
The Ming accepted limited European Trade and European presence in China. While Tokugawa wanted even more limited European trade (only with the ex-allies, the Dutch) and wanted absolutely no European presence in Japan.
What were the effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on gender roles in West Africa?
Discuss the different strategies Queen Nzinga used to resist Portuguese expansion in her territory.
She used strategic alliances and diplomacy: getting the Dutch involved to fight their rival the Portuguese.
Direct military confrontation: Fought the Europeans using guerilla tactics.
Explain how a tribute system works and why it was important to the Ming Dynasty's foreign policy.
The tribute system is where a smaller kingdom gives gifts to a larger kingdom in acknowledgement of that larger kingdoms superiority. The smaller kingdom hopes to be apart of the larger kingdoms trade network and be protected by the larger kingdom if attacked by foreigners.
Why did Tokugawa adopt isolationism?
Tokugawa saw the inroads Jesuit Missionaries (Catholics) were making in converting the peasants of Japan to Catholicism and away from Shintoism. This culture change threatened the stability of Japan because the peasants would no longer worship the emperor and potentially listen to European rulers (the Pope or King of Portugal) over the Shogun.
Contrast King Afonso's and Queen Nzinga's responses to European arrival.
King Afonso was initially very pro-European, while Queen Nzinga was dubious and saw the Europeans as a threat from the beginning.
Explain how trade with the Europeans in West Africa changed society and the economy.
The trade led to an arms race where slaves were traded for guns. Guns became necessary for protection from slave raids. This hurt the economy greatly shifting the economy from gold, and agriculture trade to having people focused on survival than economic productivity.
What were the causes of the Pueblo Revolts? How did these causes bring diverse groups of people together against European colonization?
Religious Oppression: Spanish said natives' religion was "witchcraft"
Cultural Oppression: Spanish made natives change their culture to be more Spanish
Economic Exploitation: Encomienda System and confiscation of indigenous Land
Political Oppression: Natives have low rank, respect, and privileges in the Castas System.
These causes, especially cultural and religious oppression served as a "rallying point" for the resistance movements against European colonization.
Explain why Ming Dynasty China saw itself as culturally superior to everyone else in the world at the time.
Highly educated population, Chinese goods (porcelain, silk, spices, tea) were highly sought after around the world, The Chinese had long cultural continuity (an unbroken culture of over 4,000 years). China refers to itself as "The Middle Kingdom."
Explain how the Closed Country policy in Tokugawa Japan worked.
The Japanese shutout all foreigners to Japan for ~250 years. Select groups of foreigners (Dutch, Chinese, Koreans, Okinawans) were allowed trade through the Southern Port of Nagasaki at a limited preapproved time once a year.
How did did resistance movements in Africa influence resistance movements in the Americas?
Describe the changes in West African kingdoms between the Post-Classical Era and the Era of Slave Raiding Kingdoms. Also describe the causes for these changes.
The kingdoms became smaller, to protect their own subjects and raid other tribes. The kingdoms moved towards the Atlantic Coast to be closer to Europeans to trade slaves for guns with. Previously Post-Classical Kingdoms like the Songhai, Ghana, and Mali empires were located along the Niger River to be closer to the Gold-Salt trade.
Describe the overall impact of resistance movements and rebellions studied in Unit 2.2.
While no one rebellion, outside of Haiti, was entirely successful in their goal of kicking out the Europeans, the resistance movements served as a point of hope for oppressed people. It also led to a slight long term losing of exploitative policies like the encomienda system.
How did the Single-Whip Tax System make tax collection in China more efficient? How did China's change in currency effect global trade? How did the Single-Whip tax system effectively make China the richest country in the world?
The Single-Whip tax system simplified tax collection and restored public faith in the money supply by making currency out of silver instead of paper. This effected global trade by linking China with European (Spanish) mines of the New World, marking the first time in history China traded directly with Europeans. This trade made China the richest country in the world b/c China controlled nearly half the worlds silver supply after trading goods (porcelain, silk, spices, tea) with the Europeans for silver.
Name at least two ways the Tokugawa Shogun consolidated power and maintained power in Japan.
Alternative attendance System / Hostage taking: A way to control and keep tabs on potential rebellions from daimyo.
Landownership: Tokugawa controlled 25% of all land in Japan and therefore controlled the food supply.
Violent Repression of Daimyo: Extinguished Daimyo who did posed the greatest risk.
Close Country: Kicked out foreigners who could change Japan's culture.
Compare the effects of the Slave Trade on West African Society and the Americas.
West Africa: Demographic collapse, Economic collapse, Political instability, Social instability
Americas: Exploitative Plantation Labor, Syncretistic Religions, Economic Growth (for Europeans)