The Metis in the Northwest
In 1868, Hudson’s Bay Company was preparing to sell Rupert’s Land to the ______________ ______________. They would then turn over the land to Canada, and the territory would become a colony under the control of the Canadian government.
British Government.
The Cree, Saulteaux, Assiniboine, and Dene nations signed ___________on August 23, 1876. The terms included land and farming equipment for every family, annual cash payments, and a school for each reserve. Leaders also asked for ammunition and hunting, trapping, and fishing rights.
Treaty 6
The term patriarchal:
a society or government that ensures male dominance
Oliver Mowat was an Ontario premier who believed in Confederation, however he wanted:
the provinces to have more control over their own affairs.
The conflict between the Métis and the Canadian government around the sale of Rupert’s Land is known as the
To form the united reserve, Chiefs __________, __________, and _________ held secret meetings with the Plains Cree, Assiniboine, Saulteux, and Siksika nations in the late 1870s and early 1880s.
Big bear, Little Pine and Piapot
The term suffrage:
the right to vote in political elections
In 1871, New Brunswick reformed its educational system. It decided to stop giving public funds to schools that taught __________ and ____________.
Catholicism and French.
The incident that took place on the farm of André Nault.
The Canadian government sent surveyors to map out the land into square lots to be granted as private property to new settlers. The surveyors reached the farm of André Nault on October 11, 1869, he tried to stop them from entering his land. Nault called his cousin Riel, and about a dozen other Métis, for help. The Métis, armed with weapons, drove the surveyors away and stopped them from continuing to survey the land.
Since Chief Big Bear had not signed a treaty, his people were not receiving food rations. With his people facing starvation and a long winter, in December 1882, Chief Big Bear signed Treaty 6. However, he delayed Chief Big Bear continued to ask the government for ________ _______, though he had not chosen a permanent reserve for his people. choosing a new reserve location for his people.
Famine Relief
In 1884, ___________ and ___________ __________ who owned property won the right to vote in municipal elections in Ontario. Eventually, the federal government decided that each province would determine which women would be eligible to vote in federal, provincial, and municipal elections.
Widows and unmarried women.
In 1888, the federal government gave the St. Catharines Milling and Lumber Company a lease on land in Ontario. The company wanted to cut down timber on this leased land and sell it. Premier Mowat claimed the federal government had no right to lease out Ontario’s land. What defense did the Ontario government use to fight the federal government in court over this issue?
The government of Ontario succeeded in convincing the courts that First Nations peoples did not believe in owning land. Therefore, First Nations could not give away what they did not own. The court sided with the province. The court stated that First Nations did not own any land until the federal government gave land to them in the form of reserves.
The Métis established their own _____________ ________________, to negotiate with the Canadian government, with Louis Riel as the president.
The provisional government wrote a bill of rights outlining its terms. State three terms.
Provisional Government
-The right to elect our Legislature.
- The Legislature to have power to pass all laws, local to the Territory, over the veto of the Executive, by a two-third vote.
- The French and English language to be common in the Legislature and Council, and all public documents and acts of Legislature to be published in both languages.
Four key points to describe the FROG LAKE MASSACRE
-At the Frog Lake supply post, a group of Cree men from Chief Big Bear’s band shot and killed nine white male settlers.
-Among the dead was government agent Thomas Quinn.
-Motivated by hunger and the Métis defeat of the government at Duck Lake, some young Cree men decided to take over the Frog Lake settlement on April 2, 1885.
-When the Frog Lake settlers, including Quinn, refused to leave the area, the deadly shootout broke out.
Four facts about the TORONTO WOMEN’S LITERARY CLUB.
-Dr. Emily Stowe founded the Toronto Women’s Literary Club.
-To outsiders, the organization was just a women’s book club. But secretly, the organization was Canada’s first women’s suffrage organization.
- In 1883, the Toronto Women’s Literary Club changed its name to the Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association, Canada’s first national suffrage organization.
-Canada’s suffragettes actively campaigned for provincial and federal support for women’s right to vote.
What did Dalton McCarthy believe Canada should be like? How does Dalton McCarthy describe Québec’s resistance to the federal government and how the resistance affects Confederation?
McCarthy believed that Canada would benefit from having just one culture. He wanted all Canadians to speak English and follow British Protestant culture.
" No, everything with them is
conducted on the French model; ... I say
that they are the great danger to
the Confederacy.”
- The Canadian government passed the Manitoba Act on May 12, 1870.
- Manitoba Act was a compromise to please the Métis and French Canadians as well as the English Protestants in Red River and the rest of Canada.
-Officially created Manitoba as a province.
-The act also accepted most of the Métis terms from the bill of rights.
- Manitoba was now a province where Métis religious and language rights were guaranteed.
Five to Six key points to describe the BATTLE AT CUT KNIFE HILL
- Chief Poundmaker decided that First Nations were in a good position to speak with government officials about better famine relief rations. Chief Poundmaker travelled east to Battleford, with a group of 60 Cree and men, women, and children from the Stony First Nation.
-The Battleford settlers remained at the fort until 500 troops arrived on April 24, 1885.
-325 government troops attacked Chief Poundmaker’s camp at Cut Knife Hill on May 2, 1885.
- The government’s guns quickly broke down and the troops became targets in the open field.
-The Cree and Assiniboine men forced Otter’s troops to retreat.
-Chief Poundmaker, who did not participate in the fight, stopped his men from pursuing the defeated troops.
In five key points, describe the WOMAN’S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION
- In 1870s, the alcohol industry was growing steadily across Canada.
-It was very easy for businesses to get licences to sell alcohol. Many local governments depended heavily on the revenue from alcohol sales.
- Many women became concerned with the increasing number of social issues related to alcohol abuse such as losing household income to alcohol purchases and increased violence in homes.
- These issues, together with strong Christian values, led women to form the Canadian Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in 1874.
- Temperance is choosing not to drink alcohol. The goal of the WCTU was to convince the government to ban the sale of alcohol, or force prohibition.
Four key points in the overturning of THE MANITOBA SCHOOLS ACT
- From 1870 to 1890, Manitoba supported public school systems for two cultures: French and Catholic, and English and Protestant.
- The Manitoba Act promised language rights to French speakers and funding for Catholic schools.
-But, during the 1880s, many of the French-speaking Métis had moved out of Manitoba. This left the remaining Métis and French-speaking settlers from eastern Canada greatly outnumbered by incoming English-speaking Protestant settlers.
-The new English Protestant majority were not happy supporting French and Catholic public schools. This led to the Manitoba government passing the Public Schools Act, 1890 that cancelled funding for Catholic schools and eliminated French as an official language in the province.