Ancient/Med/Ren
What is ethos?
More facts:The Greeks held that music could directly affect behavior and character or Ethos (related to the English word Ethics)
Aristotle felt that certain music affected certain behaviors by imitating certain ethos, and thus arousing the same ethos in the listener.
Plato and Aristotle believed that music should play an important part in education, however only certain kinds of music. As some music could affect undesirable attitudes.
This anonymous 9th-century treatise and accompanying dialogue were directed towards students who aspired to enter clerical orders. It describes eight modes and has exercises for semitones.
Musica Enchiriadis and Scolica enchiriadis.
This term, coined by Martin Le Franc (1410-1461), uses 3rds and 6ths (generally in parallel motion) to create a sweet sound.
What is Contenance angloise? English quality
simple melodies, regular phrasing, syllabic text-setting, homorhythmic.
Parallels Faburden-fourth above and lower voice is a third below.
John Dunstable-Quam pulchra es (First half of the 15th c.)
This style of singing was invented by the Camerata in the 1580s to restore the ancient Greek ideas of melody and declamation.
What is monody? Early 1600s
Monody is generally one voice and one instrument (Lute, guitar, harpsichord, organ) it is generally a death lament. Vocal melody, not counterpoint, could express poetry.
Caccin's Le nuove misiche had two kinds of monody, Arias (strophic songs) and Solo Madrigals (through-composed).
Monody was also used in sacred music.
Monteverdi used monody in his opera L'orfeo (possente spirito)
This 17/18 C movement was an intellectual movement that valued reason and asserted the rights of every person (as long as you were NOT a POC).
What is the Enlightenment?
REASON (UNIVERSAL EDUCATION, EQUALITY), NATURE (INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS), PROGRESS (TESTING BY SCIENTIFIC METHOD/EMPIRICISM)
Rise of the middle class
Individuals
Rise of the classical period
Public Concerts
Musicians increasingly depend upon support from the public. Giving performances and teaching.
Musical Amatuers and connoisseurs
Greek philosopher Boethius, whose writings helped us understand Greek Music and Greek Music Theory, described these kinds of music.
What is...
Musica mundana (cosmic music) numerical relationships
Musica humana (human music) human body relationship
Musica instrumentalis (audible music)
He advocated music in education, and it’s affects on character.
He felt that music and philosophical studies were linked.
Music was a primary object of knowledge not a practical pursuit.
Church musicians looked to the Greeks to understand chant repertory
Depending on the day, these texts changed in the liturgical service.
What is the Proper of the Mass.
Humanism was a strong intellectual movement during the Reniassance. It was a move away from Scholasticism and a move towards Literature, History, and Art (think Humanities). This change in thinking was influenced by these events.
The Greek Schism ends (1417)
The Hundred Years War ends (1337-1453)
The European economy stabilizes and the middle class grows.
"Thy hand, Belinda, darkness shades me... and what is this low repeating pattern I hear?"
What is an osstinato/ground bass?
Generally a descending tetrachord. Generally a lament.
This slapstick form of opera involves short arias with tuneful phrases (organized into periods) and simple harmonies.
What is opera Buffa?
La Serva Padrona by Pergolesi (1733)
This new form of notation gave us new meters, duple (imperfect) and triple, greater rhythmic flexibilities, SYNCOPATION.
What is Ars Nova (1310)?
The unchanging sung portions of this were originally performed by the congregation but were later taken over by the choir, which was all-male (because of sexism)
What is the Ordinary of the Mass
Name some of the musical ideas that came about during the Reformation.
It brought new types of religious music, including chorale and chorale settings in the Lutheran church, the metrical psalm in Calvinist churches, and then Anthem and Service in the Anglican Church, while Catholic and Jewish music held to past traditions.
Music was in the language of the people, not in Latin.
Congregational singing.
This form of notation, which involves a melody and a single written bassline and the unwritten harmonies being filled by one or more players, became popular during the Baroque Era.
What is a Basso Continuo? Thorough bass?
The classical era gave us a lot topcs such as these two. (as they relate to our comps)
What are Galant, and Empfindsam?
This middle-class french composer, born right around 1300, was a leading composer of Ars Nova. He is known for his La Messe de Nostre Dame
Who is Guillaume de Machaut (1300-1377)?
This 12th and 13th Centrury Parisian polyphony which was even more ornate than the Aquatainian version. It also included the first notation since the ancient Greeks to indicate duration of time.
Notre Dame Polyphony
Rhythmic modes-longs and breves
six basic paterns
This through-composed 16th-century secular genre used texts of poems that were erotic by nature.
What are madrigals?
They were generally four voices.
Performed for the enjoyment of the singer.
Homophonic and contrapuntal textures- voices are equally important.
Shhh.. The Lully opera is about to begin with this kind of Overture.
What is a French Overture?
A french overture has two repeated sections. The first section has a dotted rhythm and is generally slow. The second section is fast and imitative.
Lully invented this style, Handel famously used it for the overture to the Messiah.
These pieces are often dissonant and chromatic with heavy ornamentation, and are often found in slow movements. It comes from the German word for Sensibility.
What is Empfindsamkeit?
What is Fin amour?
Occitan language.
The Magnus Liber Organi was a 1285 treatise often attributed to these two—known for their Notre Dame Polyphony.
Describe them? Number of voices?
Who are Leoninus (aprox. 1150-1201) and Perotinus (later twelveth early thirteenth C)
Leonin-used 2 voices, free rhythm.
Perotinus Organum-3 and 4 voices.
Giovanni de' Bardi met with this group to discuss many ideas about Girolamo de Mei's thoughts on Greek tragedy.
What is the Camerata?
Florentine Camerata or Camerata di Bardi
Mei thought that Greek tragedy was sung-through.
This group is where the birth of opera happens.
Members include Caccini, Peri, and Galilei
Two violins and a harpsichordist walk into chamber or a church and they play this.
What is a trio sonata?
Trio sonatas usually involve two treble players and a basso continuo players. HOWEVER they can be played by more than 3 players if more than one is used for continuo.
Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) famously wrote many trio sonatas. Typical traits involve a walking bass, chains of suspensions, sequences and a dialogue between the violins.
Chuch Sonata: slow/fast/slow/ fast
Chamber sontataL Prelude+2 dance
This simple smooth style use a clearly established tonic, simple smooth arpegiation, and clear and. repetitive rhythms to achieve its "free" sound.
What is a Galant?