People
In addition to his observations in and around the Galapagos Islands, this scientists made important observations about the formation of coral reefs
Who is Charles Darwin?
This admiral worked his way up the ranks in the British navy and insisted on personal hygiene and health for all his sailors
Who is Captain James Cook?
This voyage left Britain with the goal of sailing to the South Pole and then crossing it on foot
What is the HMS Endurance?
This term refers to sailing for a specific purpose
What is voyaging?
This person is credited with ordering the destruction of the Library at Alexandria
Who is Julius Caesar?
This man invented modern submarines
Who is John Holland?
This nation was widely traveled during the 1400s but did not ever leave people to establish colonies
Who are the Chinese sailors?
Walsch and Piccard took this vessel in the first manned voyaged to the Mariana Trench
What is the US Trieste?
Briefly describe the significance of the lateen sail
What is 'the lateen sale revolutionized sea travel by improving navigation abilities and seaworthiness of vessels, especially in deeper water far away form land?'
These are two non-marine contributions of the Phoenicians
What is 1) the modern Phoenician alphabet and 2) being known as the 'purple people' who dyed the robes and textiles of royalty throughout the Mediterranean?
These early voyagers came from modern-day Syria and Lebanon and sailed from the Mediterranean south to Africa, around the continent, and to Great Britain
Who are the Phoenicians?
List three unique ways that Vikings voyaged across the northern Atlantic
What is 1) oral traditions and storytelling, 2) using environmental cues (animals, land masses, bird calls) to navigate, and 3) their superior shipbuilding skills?
Under this Portuguese captain, a voyage set out to circumnavigate the globe
Who was Ferdinand Magellan?
This is what the acronym 'SCUBA' stands for
What is 'self-contained underwater breathing apparatus?'
In your own words, explain the concept behind the 'Gift of the Nile'
What is 'the civilizations that developed along the Nile river were at an automatic advantage because they could use the Nile 1) as a means of transportation, 2) as a source of irrigation to open up fertile farmlands, and 3) to eventually connect the Mediterranean with the Indian ocean?'
List the two major contributions of Herodotus (ca 450 BCE)
What is 1) developed an accurate map of the Mediterranean, and 2) was the first person to use the term 'Atlantic' to refer to the western seas?
These two scientists were the leaders of the HMS Challenger voyage and the authors of the published information and data from this voyage
Who were John Murray and Charles Wyville Thomson?
In your own words, explain the significance of the HMS Challenger
What is 'this was the first major vessel and voyage with the sole purpose of collecting scientific data; ship was outfitted with chemistry labs and trawling nets and sailed every major ocean; discovered many new species; published a 50-volume series of all their discoveries?'
This person is famous for uniting Europe and India by sea
Who is Vasco de Gama?
These are four things that were invented by Jacques Cousteau
What are 1) waterproof goggles, 2) shark cages, 3) underwater cameras/lenses, 4) SCUBA diving?
In your own words, describe the significance of the work of Jacques Cousteau and Emil Gagnan
What is 'these divers and inventors developed the AquaLung and SCUBA technology - this opened up the ocean to the general public and captivated them and helped to push marine biology into the mainstream and put many new eyes on the new field of marine science?'
In your own words, explain the significance of the Library at Alexandria to marine science
What is 'this was considered the first university and the first; a repository for the world's knowledge at the time including the world's oceans; contained information on nations, trade, natural wonders, artistic achievements, tourism sites, and investment opportunities - its loss was incalculable for sailing as there was no longer a 'clearinghouse' of maps, routes, weather info, and landmarks that was constantly being updated?'
This is why James Cook/the HMS Endeavor are widely considered to be one of the 'Fathers of Oceanography'
What is 'because the HMS Endeavor always had a botanist and astronomer on board and were recording and interpreting data on natural history, anthropology, and oceanography?'
In your own words, describe the contributions of Benjamin Franklin to marine science
What is 'he played an important role in mapping the eastern seaboard of N. America and he was the first person to chart the Gulf Stream?'
This 'first marine biologist' wrote a lot about his observations of land and sea, including describing many different species of marine invertebrates (24 species of crustaceans; 40 species of molluscs)
Who is Aristotle?