Chapter 3
Who were the Acadians?
Descendants of the earliest French inhabitants of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and PEI
Acadians were French, Catholic, and friendly with the First Nations people of their region, and some even married Mi’kmaq.
How did the Royal Proclamation affect the F.N?
Viewed as a positive step because it recognized Indigenous land rights for the first time in British law.
The Proclamation stopped settlers Thirteen Colonies) from moving west without agreements or treaties.
Created a large territory (reserves) giving First Nations more control over land.
Considered a foundation for future treaty-making with Britain.
Negative impact on FN: controls where they live - Reserves
who they trade with (loss of trading partners- not all traders want to pay the fee)
Explain where the Black Loyalists and European Loyalists settled in Canada.
Black Loyalists mostly settled in NS and NB
European Loyalists: settled in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Ontario (Upper Canada).
Why was the constitutional act written?
It was written because the Loyalist (English speaking) in Quebec felt that they should have the same rights as British Citizens. They were governed under the Quebec Act of 1774 and the colony used French civil law and the seigneurial system which they were not happy with and wanted it changed.
Who was the Family Compact?
Family Compact had all the power in UC- appointed by Governor - - an elite group
all positions of power were held by the governor’s family and friends
could refuse to accept laws made by assembly
What was the importance of the Battle of Plains of Abraham?
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham was important because Britain defeated France and gained control of Canada. - after fall of Quebec
How did the Quebec act affect the F.N?
Land in Ohio Valley given after the RP taken - up for grabs for British Settlers
Describe in detail the challenges they faced upon coming to British North America (European)
Quebec:
-land was given through a lottery system
-shortage of food, supplies and clothing
-After 3 years of Government support that ended, they dealt with poor weather conditions and insects which created the “hungry years”
Nova Scotia
got 100s of ha of land
-had to get a land grant, clear it, plant crops, build a new home
-winter was a struggle and food was scarce
Who is John Simcoe? Why is he important?
Led a loyalist unit called the Queen’s Rangers during the American Revolution
first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada
Helped abolish slavery
Who was the Chateau Clique?
- Chateau Clique, an elite group
had all the power in LC- appointed by Governor
- all positions of power were held by the governor’s family and friends
- could refuse to accept laws made by assembly
- a small, powerful group of wealthy British merchants and loyalists who dominated the government and economy of Lower Canada
-A group of wealthy English-speaking elites held most of the power.
Describe the First Nations way of fighting during battles. (give an example battle)
Camaflouge, guerilla warfare, surprise attacks/ambush
Example battle: Fort William Henry- B attacked after surrender
Who were the Loyalists?
people living in the US during the American Revolution who wanted to remain Loyal to the British. They are also considered refugees as they were forced to leave their homes
What happened to the Loyalists refugees after the American Revolution?
After the American Revolution the Loyalists left their homes, some were forced out by their patriot neighbours who abused and harassed them, could take what they could carry, burned their barns, they were jailed and questioned by the revolutionary committee who were rebels (they were authorized to punish people for being against the American Revolution)
essentially, they became refugees
How did the Constitutional Act help the French Canadians?
-effected French Canadians by allowing them to retain their French law and institutions as well as their land system and religion/church, but it reduced the French majority
Who was Papineau? AND what was the 92 resolutions?
A French-Canadian lawyer and politician
Leader of the Parti Patriote in LC
Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 1815.
Parti Patriote presented the Ninety-Two Resolutions, a list of grievances and demands for political reform, including:
An elected Legislative Council.
Control of public finances by the elected Assembly.
wanted more say in how their colonies were run
What were the causes of the Seven Years’ War. Explain each
1. Oath of Allegiance
2. Louisbourg
3. Ohio Valley
Explain FORT? and why it led to conflict?
Britain seemed to favour Quebec over the Thirteen Colonies after the war.
After the French were defeated, the colonists expected to move into the Ohio Valley.
Colonists had no say in British decisions, especially about money and laws.
Britain introduced new taxes (Stamp Act, Tea Act, etc.) to recover money after the wars.
How were the Black Loyalists promised loyalty?
promised freedom, but although they were not slaves, they got the last of all resources and the smallest amount of land.
Who was Tecumseh and what were his accomplishments and setbacks?
Leader of FN coalition, allied with British and Brock. He died at Battle of Thames- Proctor (British general retreated but Tecumseh stayed to fight)
What did Irish immigrants face when migrating?
Faced the most discrimination
Many were poor and Catholic, while most existing settlers were Protestant
Blamed for spreading disease, especially Cholera
Seen as a burden on the economy due to poverty
Often given the hardest, lowest-paying jobs
Lived in overcrowded, poor conditions
What were the effects of the Treaty of Paris?
Transfer of land- as a result all of French territory in North America except for the two islands off the coast of Newfoundland were transferred to Britain
eliminating French colonization/power in North America
renamed the Colony as of Quebec or British North America.
What was the effect of the American Revolution on Canada?
The American Revolution led to an influx of Loyalist refugees into British North American colonies, which significantly impacted Canada's demographic and cultural makeup.
The American Revolution had no significant impact on Canadian history.
What is the Haldimand Land Grant?
Joseph Brant (Thayendanegea) and some representatives of the Six Nations Confederacy, reminded the British government of the Haudenosaunee loyalty during the American Revolution and pressured the Crown to provide them with a land grant in Canada to replace the territory that they had lost as a result of the war.
What happened with the Toronto Purchase and why is this still important today?
The Mississauga have an original agreement based on an oral, not written agreement. However, the exact amount of land purchased by the crown in 1787 was not clear (similar situation as the Royal Proclamation). The original deed was lost when it was found there was no description of the purchased land. The deed identified more land than the 1787 original purchase. Therefore, the Mississauga probably gave up more land than intended in 1805. Neither agreement included the Toronto Islands.
What were the causes of the Great Migration? (think push and pull factors?) What were the effects of the Great Migration in Upper and Lower Canada?
the Industrial and Agricultural Revolution in Britain, people were forced out of their farms in the countryside --> moved to the towns.
Immigrants often left their home countries due to economic hardships, such as the potato famines in Ireland.
People came to British North America looking for job opportunities