wwi
Trench Warfare
what - soldiers digging deep trenches for protection from enemy fire and launching attacks from these fortified positions.
when - during World War I
why -Trench warfare emerged as a response to the development of modern weaponry, such as machine guns and artillery, which made traditional battlefield tactics obsolete.
significance - impact on soldiers' lives, as well as its role in shaping the course and outcome of the war, ultimately leading to immense casualties and significant changes in military strategy and tactics.
• Involved John T. Scopes, a high school science teacher accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act.
• Highlighted tensions between traditionalism and progressivism in American society.
• Shagged debates over education, religion, and separation of church and state.
Scopes Monkey trial
Lusitania
Who - British german and Americans
what - British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine
when - 1915, during World War I
where - coast of Ireland
why - war supplies on the liner
significance - public opinion in the United States against Germany during World War I, ultimately contributing to America's entry into the conflict.
Pearl Harbor
Who - Japanese
what - Japanese Imperial Navy launched a surprise attack on the U.S The attack resulted in significant damage to the American Pacific Fleet, leading to the deaths of Americans and the destruction of numerous ships and aircraft
when - 1941
where - pearl harbor
why - prompted the United States to enter World War II, marking a turning point in the conflict and galvanizing American resolve to fight against Axis powers
Significance - its role as the catalyst for America's involvement in World War II and its lasting impact on global geopolitics.
• Developed in Harlem, New York, from World War I to mid-1930s.
• Known for surge in literature, music, visual arts, and theater.
• Emergence as a response to the Great Migration.
• Provided platform for African American artists to celebrate heritage, challenge stereotypes, and advocate for equality.
• Contributed to the development of African American identity, culture, and consciousness.
• Influenced American culture, leaving a profound impact on arts, literature, and social movements.
The Harlem Renaissance
Zimmerman telegram
Who - Germany to Mexico
what - secret diplomatic communication sent by the German Empire to Mexico
when - 1917, during World War I
why - encouraging Mexico to join the war against the United States. The message was intercepted by British intelligence and later revealed to the American government. (the germans offered Mexico land too)
Significance - influencing public opinion and ultimately leading the United States to declare war on Germany. This event marked a turning point in World War I, contributing to the eventual defeat
Atlantic Charter
Who- United States and the United Kingdom
what- It was agreed upon during a meeting between the two leaders
when- During WWII
where- aboard naval vessels
why- establish common goals and principles for the post-war world, emphasizing self-determination, free trade, disarmament, and the creation of a system of collective security.
Significance- precursor to the formation of the United Nations and its influence on shaping the post-war international order based on principles of democracy, human rights, and cooperation among nations.
• Established conscription, or the draft, to compel men to serve in the military.
• Signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 18, 1917.
• Aimed to bolster American military forces by ensuring a steady troop stream.
• Significant in mobilizing manpower, contributing to Allied Powers' victory, and shaping conflict course.
Selective Service Act 1917
Hoovervilles
who - ppl lived in then it was the time of hoover
what - makeshift shantytowns
when - during the great depression
where - found in cities across America, typically in vacant lots or along riverbanks
why- They were populated by homeless people who had lost their jobs and homes due to the economic downturn
Significance - the severity of the Great Depression and the desperate conditions faced by millions of people, ultimately fueling calls for government intervention and social reform.
CPI (Committee on Public Information)
Who- Woodrow Wilson
what- propaganda and media campaigns. Led by journalist George Creel, the CPI employed various methods such as posters, pamphlets, films, and speeches to promote patriotism, encourage enlistment, and foster anti-German sentiment
when- 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I
why- Its purpose was to generate support for the war effort among the American public and to shape public
significance- its pioneering use of mass communication techniques for wartime propaganda, which had a profound impact on public perception and contributed to the mobilization of American society during World War I.
Who- involving the leaders of the Allied powers, including the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom.
what-It was convened to discuss the post-World War II arrangements for Europe and Asia and to address issues such as the occupation of Germany, war reparations, and the establishment of peace in the aftermath of the war.
when- after WWII
where- Potsdam, Germany
why- The conference aimed to finalize the division of Germany and Europe into Eastern and Western spheres of influence, as well as to implement the decisions made at the earlier Yalta Conference. Additionally, it provided an opportunity for the Allied leaders to discuss their strategies for dealing with the Soviet Union and to lay the groundwork for the emerging Cold War tensions.
significance- It finalized the division of Germany and Europe, set the stage for the Cold War, and established the framework for the reconstruction and governance of Europe in the aftermath of the war. Established the United Nations.
• Established in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal program.
• Aimed to alleviate unemployment and poverty caused by the Great Depression.
• Distributed funds for direct cash assistance, job creation programs, and social welfare initiatives.
• Significant for immediate relief during the Depression, demonstrating federal government's increased involvement.
• laid the groundwork for future social welfare programs in the US.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
Bonus Army
Who- a group of World War I veterans
what- protesting
where- Washington
why- They demanded early payment of a bonus promised to them for their wartime service. The protest occurred during the Great Depression when many veterans were facing economic hardship. The Bonus Army set up camps near the Capitol, but their demands were not met. Eventually, President Herbert Hoover ordered the military to disperse the protesters, leading to violence and casualties.
Significance- struggles of veterans during the Great Depression and the government's response to their demands, shaped public perception and influenced policies regarding veterans' benefits.
Treaty of Versailles
who- Allied Powers and Germany
what- peace treaty
when- 1919, officially ending World War I
where- France
why- The treaty aimed to hold Germany responsible for the war, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses. However, its harsh terms contributed to economic hardship and political instability in Germany, laying the groundwork for resentment and the rise of extremism, eventually leading to World War II.
significance- its role in shaping the post-war landscape and influencing subsequent global events.
Lend-Lease Project
Who- United States
What- provide military aid to allied nations, including the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, and others, in their fight against Axis powers.
When- During WWII
Why- supplied war materials, equipment, and other resources to its allies, helping to bolster their war efforts. The Lend-Lease Act was crucial in maintaining the strength and morale of Allied forces, contributing significantly to the eventual defeat of the Axis powers.
Significance- in shaping the outcome of World War II and in solidifying the United States' position as a global superpower in the post-war era.
• Established in 1933 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal initiatives.
• Aimed to address flood control, navigation improvement, electricity generation, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley region.
• Marked a shift towards federal intervention in regional development.
• Served as a model for public works projects across the country.
• Modernized region's infrastructure, fostering economic growth, and provided jobs and electricity to rural areas.
TVA (Tennesse Valley Authority)
Executive Order 9066
Who- Franklin D. Roosevelt
What- forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans
when- During WWII
why- The order cited national security concerns following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the fear of potential espionage or sabotage by Japanese Americans. This action resulted in the mass displacement and internment of innocent individuals solely based on their ethnicity, violating their civil liberties and constitutional rights.
Significance- dark chapter in American history, highlighting the impact of wartime hysteria and racism on government policy and the lives of Japanese Americans, and serving as a reminder of the importance of safeguarding civil liberties during times of crisis.