American Revolution
The 1765 act that sparked the slogan "No Taxation Without Representation" by taxing legal documents and newspapers.
The Stamp Act
Before its independence, the colony of Haiti was known by this French name
Saint-Domingue
Known as "The Liberator," he was instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Simon Bolivar
This philosopher argued for "natural rights"—life, liberty, and property—which heavily influenced Thomas Jefferson.
John Locke
This 1787 agreement created a bicameral legislature, balancing the interests of both large and small states.
The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)
This 1777 battle is considered the turning point of the war because it convinced the French to join as American allies.
Saratoga
He was the primary leader of the Haitian Revolution and a former slave who became a brilliant military general.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
This social class of people born in the Americas to Spanish parents led most of the independence movements
Creoles
Baron de Montesquieu’s theory that government power should be divided into three branches to prevent tyranny.
Separation of Powers
To secure ratification of the Constitution, Federalists promised to add these first ten amendments.
The Bill of Rights
Thomas Paine wrote this highly influential pamphlet to convince common colonists that a break from Britain was necessary.
Common Sense
This 1789 document from the French Revolution inspired enslaved people in Haiti to demand their own liberty and equality.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
This priest is famous for the "Grito de Dolores," which kicked off the Mexican War of Independence.
Miguel Hidalgo
This French philosopher was famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and the separation of church and state.
Voltaire
This failed first governing document of the U.S. lacked the power to tax or regulate interstate commerce.
Articles of Confederation
This British policy, ending after the French and Indian War, had previously allowed the colonies to govern themselves with little interference.
Salutary Neglect
This was the primary cash crop of Saint-Domingue, making it the most profitable colony in the world at the time.
Sugar
This 1823 U.S. policy declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization.
The Monroe Doctrine
Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s concept that a government’s legitimacy comes from the "general will" of the people.
The Social Contract
The specific group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay to argue in favor of the new Constitution.
Federalist Papers
The final major battle of the war where General Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington and French forces.
This successor to L'Ouverture declared Haiti's independence in 1804 and became the country's first head of state.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines.
The short-lived republic (1819–1831) created by Bolívar that included much of northern South America and part of Central America.
Gran Columbia
Adam Smith’s 1776 work that applied Enlightenment reason to economics, advocating for laissez-faire policies.
The Wealth of Nations.
This compromise determined how enslaved populations would be counted for both taxation and representation in Congress.
Three-Fifths Compromise