Unit 0
What factors shaped the development of the major civilizations in the Mongol Era?
The factors that shaped the development of the civilizations in the Mongol Era were their intense military and the spread of trade in Eurasia.
How did the feudal system shape power and exchange in Medieval Europe?
Feudalism organized society around land ownership and personal loyalty. Kings granted land (fiefs) to nobles in exchange for military service, while peasants or serfs worked the land in return for protection. Power was very decentralized, meaning local lords held most authority rather than strong central governments. Economic exchange was mostly local and agricultural, with limited trade outside the manor system.
How were these two types of empires similar and different in terms of power, exchange, and/or ideology?
Gunpowder empires and maritime empires were similar because both used new technology to expand their power, control trade, and build strong centralized states. However, gunpowder empires were mostly land-based and relied on firearms and large armies to control territory, while maritime empires were sea-based and depended on naval power and overseas colonies. Gunpowder empires focused more on overland trade and agricultural taxes, while maritime empires dominated ocean trade routes and created global trade networks. Ideologically, gunpowder empires often used religion to legitimize their rulers, while maritime empires emphasized mercantilism and economic profit.
Feudalism
Political and economic system based on land and loyalty.
How did the Silk Roads transform both Europe and Asia?
The Silk Roads connected Europe, Asia, and parts of Africa through trade networks that exchanged goods like silk, spices, silver, and textiles. They also allowed for the transfer of ideas, technologies, religions, and cultural practices. Paper, gunpowder, and mathematical knowledge spread west, while European goods and influences traveled east. These connections made societies more economically and culturally interconnected.
How did long-distance trade shape the empires of the post-classical world in terms of power, exchange, and ideology?
Long Distance trade in the Post-classical world shaped ideology because it led to religion being spread through trade. An example of this is the Sub-Saharan desert which the Islam religion was spread on.
How did the Catholic Church and medieval states interact? How did their relationship change or stay the same over time?
The Catholic Church was one of the most powerful institutions in medieval Europe and often worked closely with monarchs. The Church legitimized rulers by crowning them and teaching obedience to authority, while kings protected Church lands and influence. Over time, conflicts emerged over who held ultimate authority, such as disputes over appointing bishops. Despite tensions, the Church remained a unifying force across Europe throughout the medieval period.
How did maritime empires arise, and what were some of their main features?
Maritime empires arose because European states wanted direct access to Asian goods and to bypass Ottoman-controlled land trade routes. Advances in navigation and shipbuilding made long-distance sea travel possible and allowed Europeans to explore and colonize new lands. Maritime empires were characterized by strong navies, overseas colonies, mercantilist economic policies, and the use of forced labor systems such as slavery and encomienda. These empires also spread Christianity and European culture to other parts of the world.
Trans-Saharan trade;
Indian Ocean trade;
camels and caravans- suited for it, overland trade, Islam, salt, cloth, and other manufactured goods like gold, religion was traded and passed along
monsoon winds- predictable, overseas trade, spices, silk, porcelain, Buddhism, resource rich, religion was traded and passed along
How did increased connection affect medieval Eurasia both positively and negatively?
Increased connection led to economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancement across Eurasia. It encouraged collective learning by spreading knowledge between civilizations. However, it also had negative effects, most notably the spread of disease such as the Bubonic Plague, which devastated populations. Trade networks also increased conflict and competition over resources and trade routes.
Why was the Mongol Empire so significant?
The Mongol Empire was the largest touching land Empire that connected the East and West, revolutionizing trade, technological transfer, and cultural exchange across Eurasia
How did Italian merchant cities develop differently from the rest of Europe?
Italian merchant cities like Venice, Genoa, and Florence developed as wealthy, independent city-states rather than feudal kingdoms. Their economies were based on trade, banking, and maritime commerce instead of agriculture. These cities had strong merchant classes, early capitalist practices, and more social mobility. Their wealth and global connections helped spark the Renaissance.
What were the main causes of globalization, and how did each one contribute to the process?
Globalization in the early modern period was caused by European exploration, advances in maritime technology, and the desire for wealth and resources. Colonization allowed European powers to control land, labor, and raw materials across the globe. Trade systems expanded as goods, people, and ideas moved between continents. The Columbian Exchange further connected the world by spreading crops, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
Historiography
The study of how history is written.
What were some of the main differences between Catholicism and Protestantism?
Catholicism emphasized the authority of the pope, the importance of good works, and the use of Latin in church services. Protestantism rejected papal authority and taught that the Bible was the only source of religious truth. Protestants believed salvation came through faith alone and promoted worship in local languages. Protestant churches also reduced the number of sacraments compared to Catholicism.
Why was the Mongol Empire so successful?
The Mongol Empire was extremely successful because of their military strength both mentally and physically. The Empire highly-mobile horse-archer tactics and used psychology to get into the minds of their opponent.
How was the European Renaissance a global phenomenon?
The Renaissance was influenced by global connections, especially through trade with the Islamic world and Asia. Classical Greek and Roman texts were preserved and expanded upon by Muslim scholars and later reintroduced to Europe. Wealth from global trade funded art, science, and education. The movement depended on ideas and resources that came from outside Europe, making it global rather than purely European.
How did globalization affect the early modern world in terms of power, exchange, and/or ideology?
Globalization increased European power while weakening indigenous societies and empires. It created global trade networks that increased wealth in Europe but also expanded the transatlantic slave trade. New crops led to population growth in many regions of the world. Globalization also spread Christianity and European cultural values while creating cultural blending and new social hierarchies.
Medieval guilds
Organizations that regulated crafts and trades.
How did the Reformation affect Europe in terms of power, exchange, and/or ideology?
The Reformation weakened the power of the Catholic Church and strengthened European monarchs. It caused religious conflicts, including wars between Catholics and Protestants. Church lands were redistributed, changing economic systems in many regions. The Reformation also encouraged individual faith, increased religious diversity, and challenged traditional sources of authority.
the 5 CS of history
Causation; Identifying and evaluating relationships of cause and effect in history
CCOT(change and continuity over time); Tracking and analyzing changes and continuities over a set time period.
Context; moods, conditions, and attitudes surrounding given time, place, or event
Complexity; Recognizing the messy, contradictory, and nuanced nature of events and people
Contingency; Recognizing that a course of events is not fixed or inevitable, but decided by many related variables–including luck, chance, and mistakes.
Comparison; Identifying and evaluating similarities and differences between subjects
How did the Renaissance transform Europe politically, economically, and ideologically?
Politically, Renaissance ideas encouraged stronger centralized states and more secular leadership. Economically, trade, banking, and capitalism expanded, especially in urban centers. Ideologically, Renaissance humanism emphasized individual potential, education, and classical learning instead of solely religious focus. This shift challenged medieval traditions and reshaped European society.
Why did the Protestant Reformation begin?
The Protestant Reformation began because many people were upset with corruption in the Catholic Church, especially the sale of indulgences. Reformers such as Martin Luther argued that salvation came through faith alone and not through good works. The printing press helped spread Protestant ideas quickly across Europe. Political leaders also supported the Reformation to gain independence from Church authority.
caliphate
Islamic religo-political society governed by Caliph or ‘deputy’ of Prophet Muhammad
How is the ‘Atlantic World’ an example of globalization?
The Atlantic World shows globalization because Europe, Africa, and the Americas became permanently connected through trade, migration, and cultural exchange. Goods, people, diseases, and ideas crossed the Atlantic regularly, creating interdependent economies and shared systems of power. No region functioned in isolation anymore.