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What is Aquatic Science?
The study of all water environments and the plants, animals and organisms that live in them.
Arabs
200 B.C. Islamic and Arab Merchants traded throughout the Mediterranean and Indian Oceans, they invented the Lateen Sail.
Charles Darwin
1831 Charles Darwin took his voyage on the ship HMS Beagle which led to his book "The Origin of Species" and the theories of evolution
Alvin
Alvin has mechanical arms and in 1966 located an H-bomb that was lost in the Mediterranean, built in 1962 and has completed 4162 dives.
Submersiles/ROV
Submersiles- Small underwater vehicles
ROV- Remotely Operated Vehicle
What is Oceanography?
A Multi-Science field encompassing Geology, Geophysics, Chemistry, Physics, Meteorology and Biology as they pertain to Marine Ecosystems.
Middle Ages
900 A.D. the Vikings crossed the North Atlantic to colonize Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland using the North Star.
Matthew Maury
Matthew Maury was the father of Modern Oceanography, also wrote the first book of Oceanography in 1855
Glomar Challenger
1968- Glomar Challenger a drilling vessel that proved seafloor spreading and changes in Earth's climate
Bathysphere/Drilling Ships
Drilling Ship- Which take sediment cores
Egyptian Tech
Egyptians established Sea Trade throughout the Indian Ocean, 1756-1938 a canal was built, the Isthmus of Suez, canal operated until 775 A.D.
15th and 16th Centuries
Chinese sailed to influence and impress their neighbors. 1492 Columbus sailed the Atlantic and "discovered" America. 1497 Vasco da Gama sailed around Africa from Portugal to India to establish trade routes.
The Challenger
From 1872-1876 the ship HMS Challenger Expedition led by Sir Charles Wyville gathered more data in it's time than all other data to date, this voyage discovered the Marianas Trench.
View from Space
1985- Jason, a satellite found and documented the wreck of the Titanic
Floating and Fixed Platforms
Gathers data like temperature, salinity, density and weather patterns
The Phoenicians
Phoenicians sailed around Africa from 590 B.C.
Around the World
1519-1522 Ferdinand Magellan was on the 1st European expedition to sail around the world, out of 237 men, 18 returned.
20th Century
1898- World Wars were the catalyst for U.S. Oceanography research, invention of the 1st gas engine and battery powered submarine in 1900. Development of tech including deep sea drilling programs, sonar, use of GPS and satellites
Japs
1989- Japan launched the Shinkai 6500 which can carry a crew up to 21,414 ft deep into the ocean
Research Instruments
1. Airplanes
2. Satellites-SEASAT: 1st Satellite dedicated to ocean studies.
3. Echo Sounding
Greeks and Amazing Math
Herodotus published an accurate map of the Mediterranean Region in 450 B.C., they developed trade routes throughout the Mediterranean and expanded their empire under Alexander the Great. Eratosthenes mathematically calculated the circumference of Earth to be 40,000 KM, he was only 32 KM's off.
Ben Franklin, Harrison and Cook
1762, The American Ben Franklin created a chart of the Gulf Stream, which gives the U.S. it's warm climate. 1728 device invented by John Harrison was called the Chronometer, calculates longitude. 1768 Captain James Cook made 3 voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean, he was the first to use a Chronometer for Navigation
Meteor/Trieste
Meteor Expedition mapped ocean floor, surveyed the South Atlantic with echo-sanding equipment. On January 23 1960 the bathyscaph Trieste reached the greatest oceanic depth existing on the planet.
21st Century
More Research Instruments
1. Underwater Cameras
2. Side Scan Sonar- good for sunken ships