The Permissive Period (1700s-1880s)
The Restrictive Period (1880s-1960s)
The Opportunist Period (1960s-1980s)
The Dismissive Period (1980s-Present)
Important People
100
In 1870, New Mexico passed a law allowing this language to be used in elementary education.
What is Spanish?
100
In addition to the promotion of monolingualism, this language was essentially eliminated from U.S. schools during WWI.
What is German?
100
This event served as a spark for addressing the lack in U.S. foreign language instruction.
What is World War II?
100
In 1982 this Secretary of Education wrote that "only about a third of ELL children aged 5-14 and receiving either bilingual instruction or instruction in English as a Second Language..."
Who is Terrel Bell?
100
Over 50 years ago, this President signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act.
Who is Lyndon B. Johnson?
200
This form of education was not actively promoted during the Permissive Period. Rather, it was tolerated.
What is bilingual education?
200
In this educational model common of the Restrictive Period, little to no native language instruction is provided to English language learners.
What is immersion (or sink-or-swim)?
200
This 1968 legislation aided children in gaining the right to receive instruction in English and in their native language.
What is the Bilingual Education Act?
200
This legislation restricted the use of native languages for instruction. It required all LEP California students to be taught in English-only programs.
What is Proposition 227?
200
In 2001, this American President announced his bipartisan education reform by stating, "too many of our neediest children are being left behind."
Who is George W. Bush?
300
In 1839, this state became the first to pass a law that officially allowed bilingual education.
What is Ohio?
300
In this 1923 case, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that students could receive instruction in their native language outside of regular school hours.
What is Meyer v. Nebraska?
300
This 1958 legislation, intended to increase U.S. foreign-language education, was detrimental to the bilingual education of English language learners.
What is the National Defense Education Act?
300
This legislation was passed in 2002. One thing it did was change the name of the Bilingual Education Act to the English Language Acquisition Act.
What is the No Child Left Behind Act?
300
This American president said, “It is absolutely wrong and against American concepts to have a bilingual education program that is...dedicated to preserving their native language…”
Who is Ronald Reagan?
400
In this year, Congress decided that Native American children could not be taught using their native language.
What is 1864?
400
This legislation required immigrants entering the country to be able to speak English.
What is the Naturalization Act?
400
Regarding this case, a statement used at the Supreme Court reads, "There is no equality of treatment by providing students with the same facilities, textbooks, teachers and curriculum, for students who do not understand English are effectively foreclosed from any meaningful education."
What is Lau vs Nichols?
400
This 1994 California legislation placed restrictions on the educational and social services that undocumented immigrants could receive.
What is Proposition 187?
400
He drafted and sponsored California’s Proposition 227.
Who is Ron Unz?
500
This is the term for the aggressive promotion of homeland language, culture, and religion within immigrant communities in the 1800s.
What is Defensive Pluralism?
500
This English only ideology stresses the need for one shared language for a more efficient government and the ability to communicate effectively.
What is monolingual?
500
This Federal law prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation.
What is the Equal Educational Opportunities Act?
500
This ideology was fought for by political activists who longed for a society that was linguistically and culturally homogeneous.
What is the melting pot ideology?
500
This California Senator introduced a constitutional amendment to make English the sole official language of the nation in 1981.
Who is Senator S.I. Hayakawa?
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