Early U.S. History
The Permissive Period
(1700s-1880s)
The Restrictive Period (1880s-1960s)
The Opportunist Period (1960s-1980s)
The Dismissive Period (1980s-Present)
100
It is estimated that this many languages were spoken by the Native Americans prior to the arrival of the European settlers.
What is 250-1,000 (languages)?
100
Many new immigrants at this time held on to their maternal languages looking to maintain a strong sense of...what?
What is identity?
100
This has been defined as 1.devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. 2. the belief that nations would benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national, rather than international, goals.
What is nationalism?
100
This served as the first wake-up call regarding the United States' inadequacies in foreign-language instruction.
What is World War II?
100
This person stated that "[I]t is absolutely wrong and against American concepts to have a bilingual education program that is now openly, admittedly, dedicated to preserving their native language and never getting them adequate in English..."
Who is President (Ronald) Reagan?
200
Along with the promise of liberty and a better life, Nieto (2009) claims that this is one of the most prominent features of the United States.
What is immigration?
200
In 1900, approximately 600,000 children (or 4% of the elementary school population) were receiving all or part of their instruction in this language.
What is German?
200
In 1906, this act required all immigrants to speak English in order to be eligible to start their process of naturalization.
What is the Nationality Act?
200
The launch of this small, shiny object into the Earth's atmosphere shook federal policies in foreign languages, mathematics, and science, and led to the creation of the National Defense Education Act in 1958.
What is Sputnik?
200
The Lau compliance standards, developed by the Office for Civil Rights, were never published as official regulations. They were based chiefly on this 1981 court case.
What is Castaneda v. Pickard?
300
While U.S. history is filled with examples of English-only legislation and policies, some languages are generally "preferred" over others. These languages were (and are) generally more accepted in the U.S.
What are European languages?
300
What was the over-arching policy regarding the promotion of bilingual education during the Permissive Period?
What is a policy of linguistic assimilation without coercion?
300
This 1964 act allowed funds to be withheld from school districts that maintained segregation or did not promote integration.
What is the Civil Rights Act/ Title VI
300
One of the primary goals of this act was to raise the level of foreign-language education in the United States.
What is the National Defense Education Act of 1958?
300
In 1994, California voters approved this ballot initiative designed to sharply curb illegal immigration through strong restrictions on the social and educational services that undocumented immigrants could receive.
What is Proposition 187
400
The U.S. founders envisioned "a country with a unified history, with unified traditions, and with a common language" (Hechinger, 1978, p.130 as cited in Ovando, 2003). This vision was based largely on what system?
What is the English legal system and schooling practices?
400
The belief that it is feasible to maintain one's ancestral ways of life while at the same time participating in the civil life of a nation has been called...what?
What is Defensive Pluralism?
400
This 1968 act granted funding for the improvement of bilingual and bicultural educational programs. It is generally considered the most important law in recognizing linguistic minority rights in the United States.
What is the Bilingual Education Act?
400
This act revoked the Naturalization Act of 1906 and terminated the 1924 national origin quota system.
What is the (1965) Immigration Act?
400
In 1998, Proposition 227 determined that English should be the primary medium of instruction for language-minority students. Who was the initiator of this Proposition?
Who is Ron Unz?
500
This has largely shaped the nation's response to language diversity.
What is changing localized political, social, and economic forces?
500
During the second half of the 19th Century, this was provided in many public and private schools throughout the country.
What is bilingual education?
500
According to Ovando (2003) one factor spurring the push for homogeneity during this time period was...what?
What is the standardization and bureaucratization of urban schools? OR What is the need for national unity during two world wars (and the desire to solidify national gains around unified goals for the country)?
500
This court decision "legitimized and gave impetus to the movement for equal educational opportunity for students who do not speak English by raising the nation's consciousness of the need for bilingual education, encouraging federal legislation, and energizing federal enforcement efforts" (Ovando, 2003, p.9).
What is the 1974 Supreme Court case Lau v. Nichols?
500
Proposition 227 led to similar measures being taken in other states. Name two of these other states.
What are Arizona, Colorado, Washington, and Massachusetts?
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